Congratulations…Welcome to UTHM PARIT RAJA….A Place To Be.. DR. ZAMRI BIN OMAR Department of Aeronautical Engineering Faculty of Mechanical & Manufacturing Eng. Email : zamri@uthm.edu.my Phone : 4537618/7711 Room: C08-106 & A4, 2nd Floor
Here what STOL airplane can do ! ~ 2009 STOLcompetition ~ Land & TO on a hill
~(4) Configuration Layout – Geometric Sizing Needs intuition, experience, art. Several primary considerations; 1. Overall config. ; 1 or 2 engines ? Pusher or tractor ? 2. Wing Configuration 3. Fuselage Configuration 4. CoG Location 5. Tail Sizing 6. Propeller Sizing 7. Landing Gear & Wing Placement
1. Overall config ; 1 or 2 engines ? How do we choose ?
1. Overall config ; 1 or 2 engines ? We needs 362.5 hp engine. Available; Lycoming TIO-540V rated 360hp supercharged at 18000 ft
1. Overall config ; 1 engine. Pusher/tractor ? Good airflow over wing/fuselage Cabin noise reduced Pilot view improved Heavy load at the back, move CG moves backward, longitudinal stability reduced. Prop may damage on landing Engine cooling problem Tractor Heavy load in front, CG moves forward, smaller tail Prop airflow undisturbed Good engine cooling Prop slipstream disturbs airflow over FL/wing root. Skin friction drag over fuselage increased. SELECTED tractor
2. Wing configuration ? The shape : Aspect ratio : AR=b2/S Wing sweep Taper ratio variation of airfoil shape & thickness along span geometric twist
2. Wing configuration ? The shape : Aspect ratio : AR=b2/S
2. Wing configuration : The Shape : Sweep angle ??
2. Wing configuration : Why forward sweep ?
2. Wing configuration : Taper ratio ? The shape :Taper ratio, =Ct/Cr Small taper ratio lighter wing structure
2. Wing configuration : Taper ratio ? The shape :Taper ratio, =Ct/Cr Low taper ratio causes undesirable flow separation & stall behavior.
2. Wing configuration : Taper ratio ? The shape :Taper ratio, =Ct/Cr Low taper ratio causes undesirable flow separation & stall behaviour.
2. Wing configuration : Taper ratio ? The shape : Airfoil changes along the span. geometric twist is not required.
2. Wing configuration : Position ? Low wing Mid wing High wing
2. Wing configuration : Wing position ? Low wing Good for landing gear placement in the wing box Need substantial dihedral Due to engine location, need longer landing gear for ground clearance Requires dihedral for lateral stability Mid wing Provides lowest drag Only needs very little dihedral Structural disadvantages bending moment support ? Need heavy ring frames ! High wing Allow lower fuselage, good for transport aircraft (load & unload) More stable laterally (rolling), undesirable Anhedral is needed to decrease roll stability SELECTED Low wing fillet is used to minimize undesirable drag (wing-fuselage interference)
2. Wing configuration : why canards ?
2. Wing configuration : why winglets ?
3.Fuselage configuration : FL must be big enough to place the engine, pilot, baggage & passenger. where to store the fuel ? FL or wings ? - in the wings (less cg movement). enough space in the wings to store fuel ?
3.Fuel Tank Location
3.Fuselage configuration : passenger & baggage
4. Center of Gravity Location : Major weight components : already known (pilot, baggage, passenger). can do initial estimation.
4. Center of Gravity Location : Major weight components : already known (pilot, baggage, passenger). can do initial estimation. area shown includes covered/projected area into the fuselage.
5. Tail Sizing HT for longitudinal stability (elevator). VT is for directional stability (rudder). Tail size must adequate to provide sufficient control & stability. Examine various tail configuration
5. Tail Sizing Needs some calculations !
5. Tail Sizing Needs some calculations !
6. Propeller Size prop diameter ? need calculations ! 3-blade with 6.53 ft diameter
7. Landing gear & wing placement Needs examine various LG configurations.
7. Landing gear & wing placement Selected : tricycle
7. Landing gear & wing placement Needs some calculations !
7. Landing gear & wing placement Needs some calculations !
THE RESULTING LAYOUT