Electro-acoustic transducers Headphones Insert earphones Bone-conduction vibrators Loudspeakers
Calibration Important for all equipment used to present sound and measure thresholds. Making sure that the sound being produced is what it is supposed to be. If not, add/subtract a correction factor.
Calibration Earlier: Psychoacoustic method Measuring known normal-hearing listeners’ thresholds Now: Electroacoustic method Using transducer, artificial ear or mastoid, weight, microphone, and sound level meter (SLM).