Lindsey Wright AICE Global Perspectives Period 3 To what extent should electroconvulsive therapy be regulated by national governments? Lindsey Wright AICE Global Perspectives Period 3

Health Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): Facts and Side Effects -Kathleen Davis -“evidence shows ECT…could bring remission or management to those enduring serious psychiatric illnesses” Think They Don’t Electroshock People Anymore? Think Again–Even toddlers and pregnant women are being shocked -Dr. John Breeding -“There are no lasting benefits of electroshock”

Medical Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation vs. Electroconvulsive Therapy -Marcia Purse quotes Dr. Kira Stein -“many people feel ECT is too extreme for their level of depressive symptoms” TMS Versus ECT: That Is the Question -Dee Rapposelli -“ECT appear to be more effective than rTMS”

Ethical Shock Therapy: Who’s Getting Rich And Who’s Getting Hurt? -Dr. Linda Lagemann -“we should see ECT devices taken off the market until they can prove they are safe and efficient by objective scientific methods” Shock and Disbelief -Daniel Smith quotes Max Fink -“ECT is the most effective antidepressant, antipsychotic, anticatatonic we have today”

Oliver Lewis Background: -Directs the Mental Disability Advocacy Center -Master’s degree in medical ethics from King’s College London -PhD in law from Leiden University Publisher: Oliver Talks Claims: Torture or abandonment: unmodified ECT and the shocking position of Indian and global psychiatric leaders -”there should be cross-party support for banning unmodified ECT” -”Indian legislators, under a duty to respect international human rights law above any other considerations, should pass the law banning unmodified ECT” Strengths: Weaknesses: -Acknowledges Counterargument -Biased Publisher -Global Connection -First Person Perspective -Statistic -Inductive Generalization -Outdated Source

Ryan Pickrell Background: -The Daily Caller’s China and Asia Pacific reporter -Master’s degree in international relations and affairs from Central China Normal University -PhD in international politics and diplomacy from Central China Normal University Publisher: The Daily Caller Claims: China Says Its Done Torturing Children At Internet Addiction Boot Camps -”China has drafted a new law to prevent electroshock therapy as a cure for internet addiction” -”Electroshock therapy for internet addiction has no foundation in clinical research or evidence and therefore is not appropriate for clinical application” Strengths: Weaknesses: -Credible Source -Loaded Language -Appeal to Fear -Inductive Reasoning -Appeal to Pity

Andrade et al. Background: -Head of the Department of Psychopharmacology at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore -Educational background unknown Publisher: Indian Journal of Psychiatry Claims: Position statement and guidelines on unmodified electroconvulsive therapy -the risks of unmodified ECT “are not as large as historically portrayed” -”under exceptional circumstances…unmodified ECT…may be a viable option” Strengths: Weaknesses: -Jargon -Unknown Educational Background -Definitions -Loaded Language -Deductive Reasoning -Weak Evidence -Appeal to Statistics -Rounded Percentage -Global Connection -Outdated Sources

Ribeiro et al. Background: -Partner of Hogan Lovells US LLP -Bachelor’s degree in sociology from New College of Florida -JD from University of Florida Publisher: Journals of ECT Claims: Electroconvulsive Therapy in Brazil After the Psychiatric Reform: A Public Health Problem Example From a University Service -”[Brazilian] mental health policies are against ECT” -the authors “press for changes in the mental health policies” Strengths: Weaknesses: -Credible Source -Outdated Data -Precise Statistics -Results Not Generalizable -Deductive Reasoning -Loaded Language

Reconstruction Oliver Lewis -against all ECT -argues ECT should be banned in India Ryan Pickrell -against the use of ECT to cure internet addiction -argues China should ban all ECT Andrade et al. -for all ECT -argues there are certain circumstances when unmodified ECT is viable Ribeiro et al. -for modified ECT -argues Brazil should change its mental health policies regarding ECT

Evaluation -Many people use ECT to reverse their mental illness symptoms -Unmodified ECT still used -Modified ECT should be regulated by national governments in several ways -Patients must be informed of potential side effects -Written consent is necessary -Muscle relaxants and anesthesia legally required -Unmodified ECT is dangerous -Less invasive treatments first -Antidepressants, psychotherapy, TMS -To what extent do antidepressants effectively treat mental illnesses?

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