CDA 3100 Spring 2009

Special Thanks Thanks to Dr. Xiuwen Liu for letting me use his class slides and other materials as a base for this course

Class organization Class web page 11/22/2018 Class organization Class web page http://www.cs.fsu.edu/~zzhang/CDA3100_Spring_2009.htm Academic honor code Programs you submitted must be your own work While discussions of class materials and assignments are allowed, copying of solutions is strictly prohibited 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

11/22/2018 Class Communication This class will use class web site to post news, changes, and updates. So please check the class website regularly Please also make sure that you check your emails on the account on your University record 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Required Textbook The required textbook for this class is 11/22/2018 Required Textbook The required textbook for this class is “Computer Organization and Design” The hardware/software interface By David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy Third Edition Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, part of Elsevier 2007 We will cover chapters 1-4, part of 5, and appendix A,B 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Lecture Notes and Textbook 11/22/2018 Lecture Notes and Textbook All the materials that you will be tested on will be covered in the lectures Even though you may need to read the textbook for review and further detail explanations The lectures will be based on the textbook and handouts distributed in class 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Programming Environment at CS 11/22/2018 Programming Environment at CS For this class, we will use “linprog” most of the time “linprog” is a machine stack, consisting of four Pentium III machines Running Linux 2.6.9 Another available machine stack is “program”, consisting of four Sun workstations (Sun-Fire-V240, sparc ISA) Running SunOS 5.10 Using ssh to remotely login to these machines 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

What you will learn to answer (among other things) How does the software instruct the hardware to perform the needed functions What is going on in the processor How a simple processor is designed

Computer System Overview 11/22/2018 Computer System Overview A computer system consists of hardware and software that are combined to provide a tool to solve problems (with best performance) Hardware includes CPU, memory, disks, printers, screen, keyboard, mouse ... Software includes System software A general environment to create specific applications Application software A tool to solve a specific problem 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Computer System Overview – cont. 11/22/2018 Computer System Overview – cont. 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Steps to Run a C Program First we need to compile the program 11/22/2018 Steps to Run a C Program First we need to compile the program 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

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Steps to Run a C Program Then we need to run the program 11/22/2018 Steps to Run a C Program Then we need to run the program The operating system locates where the program is Then it loads the program into memory The instructions in the program are then executed one by one When the program is done, the operating system then releases the memory and other resources allocated to the program 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

11/22/2018 Opening the Box 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

A Pentium 4 Processor Chip 11/22/2018 A Pentium 4 Processor Chip 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Five Classic Components 11/22/2018 Five Classic Components 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Hierarchical Abstraction 11/22/2018 Hierarchical Abstraction We focus on principles underlying these computer systems using hierarchical abstractions 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Hierarchical Abstractions 11/22/2018 Hierarchical Abstractions Applications/systems software Assembly/machine language Architectural issues: i.e., caches, virtual memory, pipelining Boolean logic, 1s and 0s Sequential logic, finite state machines Combinational logic, arithmetic circuits Transistors used to build logic gates (CMOS) Semiconductors/silicon used to build transistors Properties of atoms, electrons, and quantum dynamics In this class we focus on the software-hardware interface Known as the instruction set architectures (ISA) 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Instruction Set Architecture 11/22/2018 Instruction Set Architecture A very important abstraction Interface between hardware and low-level software Standardizes instructions, machine language bit patterns, etc. Advantage: different implementations of the same architecture Modern instruction set architectures IA-32, PowerPC, MIPS, SPARC, ARM, … CDA3100

11/22/2018 Market 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Why This Class Important? 11/22/2018 Why This Class Important? If you want to create better computers It introduces necessary concepts, components, and principles for a computer scientist By understanding the existing systems, you may create better ones If you want to build software with better performance If you want to have a good choice of jobs If you want to be a real computer science major 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate 11/22/2018 Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate http://www.jobweb.com/studentarticles.aspx?id=904&terms=starting+salary 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate 11/22/2018 Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate Source: NACE Fall 2005 Report (http://www.jobweb.com/resources/library/Careers_In/Starting_Salary_51_01.htm) 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Numbers Numbers are abstraction of quantities 11/22/2018 Numbers Numbers are abstraction of quantities http://www.debtclock.com/ How do we represent these quantities? 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Decimal Numbering System 11/22/2018 Decimal Numbering System We humans naturally use a particular numbering system 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Decimal Numbering System 11/22/2018 Decimal Numbering System For any nonnegative integer , its value is given by Here d0 is the least significant digit and dn is the most significant digit 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Decimal Numbering System 11/22/2018 Decimal Numbering System For any nonnegative integer , its value is given by val = 0; While there are more digits, end 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

General Numbering System – Base X 11/22/2018 General Numbering System – Base X Besides 10, we can use other bases as well In base X, the value of 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

General Numbering System – Base X 11/22/2018 General Numbering System – Base X Besides 10, we can use other bases as well In base X, the value of val = 0; While there are more digits, end 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Commonly Used Bases Which one is natural to computers? Why? Base 11/22/2018 Commonly Used Bases Base Common Name Representation Digits 10 Decimal 5023ten or 5023 0-9 2 Binary 1001110011111two 0-1 8 Octal 11637eight 0-7 16 Hexadecimal 139Fhex or 0x139F 0-9, A-F Note that other bases are used as well including 12 and 60 Which one is natural to computers? Why? 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Meaning of a Number Representation 11/22/2018 Meaning of a Number Representation When we specify a number, we need also to specify the base For example, 10 presents a different quantity in a different base There are 10 kinds of mathematicians. Those who can think binarily and those who can't... http://www.math.ualberta.ca/~runde/jokes.html 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

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Conversion between Representations 11/22/2018 Conversion between Representations Now we can represent a quantity in different number representations How can we convert from one representation to another one? For example, how can we convert a decimal number to binary? How can we then convert a binary number to a decimal one? How can we convert between base X1 and base X2? 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Conversion Between Bases 11/22/2018 Conversion Between Bases From binary to decimal example 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 215 214 213 212 211 210 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Conversion Between Bases 11/22/2018 Conversion Between Bases From octal to decimal From hexadecimal to decimal 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Conversion Between Bases 11/22/2018 Conversion Between Bases From base X to decimal (base 10) 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

11/22/2018 Conversion Program 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Conversion from Decimal to Base X 11/22/2018 Conversion from Decimal to Base X Given 5023ten, what is the representation in the following bases? Binary? Hexadecimal? Octal? 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Conversion from Decimal to Base X 11/22/2018 Conversion from Decimal to Base X We have the following formula How do we generate d0? 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Conversion from Decimal to Base X 11/22/2018 Conversion from Decimal to Base X We have the following formula How do we generate d0? Divide by X, the reminder is d0 How do we generate d1? Divide the quotient by X again and the reminder is d1 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

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Conversion between Two Bases 11/22/2018 Conversion between Two Bases We can always do the conversion in two steps, from base1 to decimal and from decimal to base2 In some cases, the conversion is straightforward For example, we often need to convert between a binary number and a hexadecimal number 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Number Representations in Computers 11/22/2018 Number Representations in Computers Binary is the natural choice for computers Since computers consist of transistors which have two different states Additionally, for efficiency, we typically use a fixed number of bits unsigned char unsigned short unsigned int unsigned long The least significant bit is the rightmost bit while the most significant bit is the leftmost bit Overflow occurs if a number can not be represented correctly in the given format 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100

Unsigned Formats and Their Ranges 11/22/2018 Unsigned Formats and Their Ranges Type (C) Number of bits Largest number (decimal) unsigned char 8 255 unsigned short 16 65535 unsigned int 32 4,294,967,295 unsigned long long 64 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 Exact arithmetic ? 11/22/2018 CDA3100 CDA3100