Review Define hormone, target organ, prostaglandin, hypersecretion, and hyposecretion List the glands we covered, their locations, hormones secreted, target organs and actions of those hormones. Describe the mechanisms of how steroid and non-steroid hormones interact with their target cells  What mechanisms are responsible for controlling hormone release? Describe the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary glands  List the symptoms of hyper and hypothyroidism, and define goiter.

Review Why is iodine is necessary in the diet? What hormones secreted during long term stress?   Short term stress? What are some possible effects of over secretion of cortisol? Which gland is associated with the sympathetic nervous system? Explain the differences between type I and II diabetes and how they're treated

Blood Chapter 12

Blood Liquid connective tissue Travels within arteries and veins Transport of substances Protection/immune function The average person has 4-6 L ~ 8% of body weight

Blood Composition

Blood Composition Plasma Liquid portion of blood ~55% 98% water Transports dissolved substances Nutrients Wastes Some gasses (O2, CO2) Hormones and other chemicals Plasma protiens

Blood Composition Plasma Plasma proteins Albumins Globulins Fibrinogen Thicken the blood Control filtration of plasma in and out of tissues via osmosis Globulins Antibodies Part of the immune system Fibrinogen Essential for blood clotting

Blood Composition Plasma Serum Plasma without clotting factors Still contains antibodies Used to treat those who do not have needed antibodies

Blood Composition Formed Elements (cells) Suspended in the plasma ~ 45% of total blood Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells) Thrombocytes (platelets) Formation of blood cells (hematopoiesis) All cells except lymphocytes are formed in red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) Lymphocytes are formed in lymphoid tissue found in lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

Blood Composition Erythrocytes (Red blood cells) Carry oxygen and carbon dioxide Hemoglobin Protein within the RBC Binds to both O2 and CO2 Gas exchange Lungs: Pick up O2 and drop off CO2 Body tissues: Pick up CO2 and drop off O2

Erythrocytes

Blood Composition Leukocytes (White blood cells) Part of the immune system Granular leukocytes Neutrophils Phagocytic Engulf microbes Eosinophils Destroy parasites Basophils Allergic reactions Inflammation

Blood Composition Leukocytes (White blood cells) Agranular leukocytes Monocyte Large phagocyte Destroys microbes Waste cleanup Lymphocyte B-cells and T-cells Produce antibodies Function in specific immune responses

Leukocytes

Blood Composition Thromboctyes (platelets) Blood clotting Injury to blood vessel Clotting factors released from damaged cells Platelets become “sticky”, cling to damaged surfaces and form a platelet plug More clotting factors released, combine with fibrinogen in plasma to form fibrin Fibrin forms a net trapping cells and closing the wound

Hematocrit

Blood Types Determined by the “signature” of blood cells Antigen Found on all cell membranes Recognized by the immune system Self vs. non-self Antibody Immune system molecule that recognizes and reacts with antigens “Lock and key” model

Blood Types Antigen/antibody reaction If antibodies are present that match an antigen they will bind together Determines blood type Causes agglutination Clumping together of cells Agglutinated cells cannot function and will be destroyed by phagocytes

Blood Types ABO Blood Types Red blood cell antigens A antigen (type A) B antigen (type B) Both A and B antigens (type AB) Neither A nor B antigens (type O)

Blood Types ABO Blood Types Antibodies to the antigen not present will be in plasma Antigen A (type A) = antibody B Antigen B (type B) = antibody A Antigens A and B (type AB) = no antibodies No antigens (type O) = antibodies A and B These antibodies will attach to matching antigens and cause agglutination

Blood Types Rh Types RBC’s will either have the Rh antigen (Rh+) or no Rh antigen (Rh-) Rh- blood will produce antibodies to Rh+ blood if it comes in contact with it Erythroblastosis fetalis First pregnancy of Rh- mother with Rh+ baby causes formation of Rh+ antibodies Second pregnancy with Rh+ fetus causes agglutination of fetal RBC’s

Review Functions of plasma and all of the plasma proteins Functions of all of the cells in the blood and where they are created Antigen/antibody reaction and the ABO blood groups, be sure to understand the relationship between the antigens on the cells, the antibodies that would be present, and what blood group is represented depending on antigens present Universal recipient and universal donor Problems with Rh blood mismatch Define hemoglobin Understand the role of platelets in blood clotting