VSEPR and Exceptions to the Octet Rule

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Presentation transcript:

VSEPR and Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Recall, Remember, Review Electrons are the particle: Responsible for most chemical and physical properties Responsible for all chemical bonds; they are: Exchanged in ionic bonds Delocalized in metallic bonds Shared in covalent bonds

V-Valence S-Shell E-Electron P-Pair R-Repulsion VSEPR Theory VSEPR theory is based on the idea that the geometry of a molecule or polyatomic ion is determined primarily by repulsion among the pairs of electrons associated with a central atom. V-Valence S-Shell E-Electron P-Pair R-Repulsion

V-Valence S-Shell E-Electron P-Pair R-Repulsion VSEPR Theory The pairs of electrons may be bonding or nonbonding (also called lone pairs).

V-Valence S-Shell E-Electron P-Pair R-Repulsion VSEPR Theory Only valence electrons of the central atom influence the molecular shape in a meaningful way because their locations provide the points of connection between atoms when electrons are shared in bonds. V-Valence S-Shell E-Electron P-Pair R-Repulsion

The Valence Shell The Valence Shell is composed of the “s” and “p” orbitals. The “s” orbital is lower energy than a “p” orbital.

The Valence Shell When the valence shell is full of electrons or when electrons are added to the valence shell through bonding, the “s” and “p” orbitals morph in a single equal energy orbital called a HYBRIDIZED MOLECULAR ORBITAL or Hybrid Orbital.

Sometimes the “d” orbital gets involved “sp3d” hybrid “sp3d2” hybrid Hybrid Orbitals “sp” hybrid “sp2” hybrid “sp3” hybrid Sometimes the “d” orbital gets involved “sp3d” hybrid “sp3d2” hybrid http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/essentialchemistry/flash/hybrv18.swf http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/hybrid.html

The sp3 hybrid orbital is by far the most common hybrid orbital. It is the orbital of the Octet Rule--4 equal pairs of electrons. Its shape is the tetrahedron. http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/tetrahedron.html

Exceptions to the Octet Rule “sp” Hybrid--2 electron pairs Shape: linear Example: BeH2 “sp2” Hybrid--3 electron pairs Shape: trigonal planar Example: BF3

Exceptions to the Octet Rule “sp3d” Hybrid--5 electron pairs Shape: trigonal bipyramidal Example: PCl5 “sp3d2” Hybrid--6 electron pairs Shape: octahedral Example: SF6

http://winter.group.shef.ac.uk/vsepr/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSEPR http://www.chemistry.wustl.edu/~edudev/Vsepr/ http://www.mathsisfun.com/geometry/tetrahedron.html