Update of the USDA Phytoremediation Database Sara Perl Egendorf1,2, Zhongqi Cheng1,2, Donna Cao1, Anna Minsky1, Gerry Moore3 2nd Annual Urban Soils Symposium November 29, 2017 The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx NY Sara Perl Egendorf Ph.D Candidate CUNY Graduate Center 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York 2The Graduate Center of The City University of New York 3Natural Resources Conservation Service, United States Department of Agriculture

Presentation Overview Database interactive tour Current updates Consistency considerations Future horizons

Phytoremediation Database Interactive Tour Search by Contaminant Species Keyword Author

Phytoremediation Database Interactive Tour Summary Reports Contaminants listed alphabetically Contaminants listed by category References listed by ID / Author References listed for each species Species listed alphabetically Species listed for each contaminant Case studies

References for Species

Species for each Contaminant 181 Species for Pb in database Import into excel 10 most frequently studied Cynodon dactylon 7 Eichhornia crassipes Phragmites australis Typha latifolia 8 Zea mays 10 Armeria maritima 12 Thlaspi caerulescens 14 Salix 16 Helianthus annuus 17 Brassica juncea 26

24 Long term Case Studies

Current Updates Cross-reference with USDA PLANTS database https://plants.usda.gov/ 1112 references currently in database Data have now been gathered from ~500 additional peer reviewed articles Aim to be updated and available by end of 2017 Will make available online Aim to update interface

Consistency Considerations: Mechanisms Description Evapotranspiration (evap) Evapotranspiration (ET) is the combination of the evaporation derived from the direct exposure of water to the atmosphere and the transpiration of soil moisture by plants. Hydraulic Control (hc) Hydraulic control is the use of plants to control the migration of subsurface water through the rapid uptake of large volumes of water by the plants. The plants are effectively acting as natural hydraulic pumps. Multiple (mult) Do not use. Phytodegradation (phde) Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation) is the ability of plants to produce the enzymes or cofactors necessary to degrade organic contaminants. In some cases, these catalysts may be exuded; therefore, phytodegradation is highly related to rhizodegradation. Phytoextraction (phex) Phytoextraction (phytoaccumulation) is the removal of inorganic contaminants from the surface-subsurface soil through plant uptake. This includes heavy metals, metalloids, radionuclides, and salts. During this process plant roots uptake metal contaminants. Phytostabilization (phst) Phytosequestration/Phytostabilisation is the precipitation or immobiliztion of inorganic contaminants in the soil, on the root surface, or within the root tissues. Phytovolatilization (phvo) Phytovolatilization is the process where plants uptake contaminaints which are water soluble and release them into the atmosphere as they transpire the water. Rhizodegradation (rhde) Rhizodegradation (also called enhanced rhizosphere biodegradation, phytostimulation, and plant assisted bioremediation) is the breakdown of organic contaminants in the soil by soil organisms which is enhanced by the rhizosphere's presence. Rhizofiltration (rhfi) Rhizofiltration (inorganics) is similar in concept to Phytoextraction but is concerned with the remediation of contaminated groundwater rather than the remediation of polluted soils. Tolerance (tole) Please use one of the other catagories in place of this Unknown (unkn) The mechanisim is not sufficently described to allow classification.

Consistency Considerations: Success Criteria Current success criteria: Not successful Species does not attain phytoremediation goals Conditionally successful Species is successful in limited circumstances, or success is limited Successful Species fully attains phytoremediation goals Insufficient Information Research results are not sufficient to determine if the goals were met Updates may include (when available): Bioconcentration factors [root]/[soil] Translocation factors [shoot]/[root] Efficiency factors [shoot]/[soil] Dry weight tissue concentrations (ppm) Soil or water concentrations pre and post study

Consistency Considerations Soil amendments Symbiotic relationships Extent of original contamination Distinguishing uptake vs. surface adherence Soil chemical, physical, and biological parameters

Future Horizons Authors may be able to add own data from studies How should ‘success criteria’ be shown in database? What ideas or recommendations do you have? How can the database be most useful?

Update of the USDA Phytoremediation Database Thank you for your attention! Update of the USDA Phytoremediation Database Sara Perl Egendorf1,2, Zhongqi Cheng1,2, Donna Cao1, Anna Minsky1, Gerry Moore3 segendorf@gradcenter.cuny.edu http://www.agronomy.k-state.edu/extension/environmental-quality/phytoremediation.html Google: KSU phytoremediation database 1Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York 2The Graduate Center of The City University of New York 3Natural Resources Conservation Service, USDA