The seal of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition Tomás de Torquemada (1482-1498) The first major inquisitor

The Inquisition, the numbers E s t a b l i s h e d i n 1 4 8 0 ( a n d a b o l i s h e d i n 1 8 3 4 ) . M a j o r a c t i v i t y 1 4 9 2 - 1 5 0 1 . T w o o p t i o n s : c o n v e r t o r l e a v e . T h e g o a l : c o n t r o l p r o t e s t a n t i s m & c e n s o r s h i p . U n t i l 1 7 t h c e n t u r y : 8 7 , 0 0 0 c a s e s & 1 , 3 0 0 e x e c u t i o n s .

Unit 1: pages 10-11 E v e n t s a n d c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h e e x p l o r a t i o n . T h e T r e a t y o f T o r d e s i l l a s ( 1 4 9 4 ) . F . M a g a l l a n e s / J u a n S e b a s t i a n E l k a n o ( 1 5 1 9 - 1 5 2 2 ) . “ E n c o m i e n d a ” s y s t e m . H e r n á n C o r t é s , A z t e c E m p i r e ( 1 5 1 9 ) . F r a n c i s c o P i z a r r o , I n c a E m p i r e ( 1 5 3 0 ) .

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? A P a p a l ( P o p e ) o r d e r f o r c e d S p a i n a n d P o r t u g a l t o s p l i t t h e w o r l d i n t w o . T w o c a t h o l i c c o u n t r i e s c o u l d n o t f i g h t f o r t h e s a m e g o a l . T h e P o p e d e m a n d s s p r e a d i n g “ G o d ’ s t r u e r e l i g i o n ” a l l o v e r t h e w o r l d .

“Positive” consequences of the Treaty G r o w t h i n g e o g r a p h i c a l k n o w l e d g e ( c o n t i n e n t s , d i s t a n c e s , o c e a n s , e t c . ) . N e w l a n d s = n e w m a r k e t s . I n c r e a s e i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r i t i m e t r a d e a n d c o m m e r c e .

“Negative” consequences of the Treaty G r e e d a n d p o w e r . I n d i g e n o u s t r i b e s k i l l e d b y E u r o p e a n d i s e a s e s , w e a p o n s o r e x p l o i t e d . P o p u l a t i o n i n H i s p a n i o l a i n 1 4 9 2 : 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 . P o p u l a t i o n i n H i s p a n i o l a i n 1 5 3 5 : 1 1 , 0 0 0 .

The Treaty of Tordesillas & the Treaty of Saragossa (1529)

A map of the time

Magallanes & Elkano (1519-1522)

“Encomienda” Two steps: Spaniard s converte d the natives under their control to Christian ity (and language ). In exchang e of those two “favors”, the natives were obliged to work for the encomen deros in their lands or mines.

The end of “Encomienda” S o m e p r i e s t s ( F r a y B a r t o l o m é d e l a s C a s a s & F r a y F r a n c i s c o d e V i t o r i a ) r e p o r t e d t h e b r u t a l i t y a n d c r u e l t y o f t h e s y s t e m . T h e N e w I n d i a n L a w s ( 1 5 4 2 ) b y C h a r l e s I . N a t i v e s w e r e c o n s i d e r e d S p a n i s h s u b j e c t s ( l a w p r o t e c t i o n ; t h e y c o u l d n o t b e s l a v e s ) .

So, less people working the lands, the mines,… W h a t c o u l d t h e y d o ? H o w d i d t h e y t a k e t h e g o l d , t h e s i l v e r o u t o f t h e m i n e s ? H o w c o u l d t h e y w o r k t h e f a r m s , t h e l a n d s ? T h e y d i d h a v e a n i d e a …

Hernán Cortés Conqueror of the Aztec Empire (Mexico) April 1519: reached the Aztec Empire. May 1519: took control over Moctezuma, the emperor. 1521: all the Empire was under his control.

Francisco Pizarro Conqueror of the Inca Empire (Peru). 1530: took control over the Inca Empire and its leader, Atahualpa. Changed the capital, from Cuzco and to Lima.

The Spanish Empire in America (16th century)

Cycle of Conquest & Colonisation Explorers Conquistadores Missionaries Official European Colony! Permanent Settlers