African Development Seminar: Governance and African Society PIA 2574 African Development Seminar: Governance and African Society

Our Foreign Aid Fix On Being Poor

The Failure of the African State State Crisis in Africa The Failure of the African State

The Current Image?

“Popular Hotel in Somalia Is Bombed by Militants” Rescuers carrying a person wounded during an attack on Sunday at the Sahafi Hotel in Mogadishu, the Somali capital. New York Times, Nov. 2, 2015

Sahafi Hotel, November 1, 2015

The Ivory Coast Model: Triumph and Tragedy Geography and Ethnicity North- Muslim, Mande; South: East, Akan, Christian; West, Kru, links with Liberia and Guinea The Ivory Coast Miracle The death of the Founding President: Felix Houphouet Boigny

Tragedy in West Africa New York Times: The next “state collapse in Africa” Ivory Coast- Has it? Ghana’s North? Burkina Faso Sahel (Chad, Mali, Niger) University of Pittsburgh’s PDEV work. Assassination and tension in Dagbon The next Crisis can happen anywhere

Ghana A Predictive Study- still has resonance Martin Staniland, The Lions of Dagbon: Political Change in Northern Ghana (London: Cambridge University Press, 1975) Most African countries have outlier areas

Social Reaction to Collapse: The Exit Strategy Praetorian Government Recognize the empirical reality of dependency theory Black Markets and Smuggling Economic and Humanitarian Crisis

Social Reaction: The Exit Strategy Economy of Affection Impact of reform on education and health- decline and fall of rural area Absence of an effective private and non-profit sector: Failure of Civil Society

Social Reaction: The Exit Strategy Exit, Voice and Loyalty by Albert O. Hirschman (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1970)

Albert O. Hirschaman, Born 1915

Ethnicity, Class and Religion Theories of Ethnicity: Review Primordialism Ethnicity and Religion cultural sub-nationalism Threat of Secession

Zulu Clan- Early 20th Century

Ethnicity, Class and Religion Contextual- intensification of ethnic identity- and the reverse Ethnicity as Nationalism Ethnicity, Class and Society

Somali Refugees

Irrelevance of Ideology African regimes regardless of ideology are state centric Skimmed public resources Extensive corruption Tenderariats and Crony Capitalism Labor movement strenghthening

Irrelevance of Ideology Patriarchal leadership Organizational elites Collapse of the social contract among the state centered middle class

Meet the Sgwentu family Meet the Sgwentu family.  From left to right, they are Boy, Evelyn, Sipho, Nonswakazi, Teresa (my wife, or Auntie T as they call her), and Thania.  They are a new breed of South African – THE MIDDLE CLASS BLACK SOUTH AFRICAN?. IS SOUTH AFRICA THE ANSWER?

South Africa 2008- Mines, Anti-Immigrants and Trashing of Local Government (Marikana- 2012)

Africa’s Reality Breakdown of Governance Corruption Military Coups and Authoritarianism Self Serving Bureaucrats Bureaucratic Elites State Debt

Above all the problem of the Zero-Sum Game Above all the problem of the Zero-Sum Game. The Inability to Compromise Morgan Tsvangirai vs. Robert Mugabe

Military Intervention: narrow, ethnic interests or military regimes, 1970s-1990s Uganda: Obote, Amin and Museveni Zaire: Mobutu and “Big Manism” Somalia, Ethiopia: Totalitarianism and Anarchy Liberia and Sierra Leone: militarized ethnicity and Child Soldiers

Uganda Letter A Personal Reality

Uganda Letter Page 2

The Viability of Colonial Borders System collapse in central Africa, 1990-Present (Burundi, Rwanda, CAR) South Sudan Invading armies: Uganda, Rwanda, Namibia and Zimbabwe 5.4 Million Deaths in Congo. Africa’s World War

Congo The military and minerals Tantalum

Collapse of the African International System Lack of interest of international community Civil War-Violence, Inter-state Conflict and African Development Libya- Only concern: The Oil?

Abandonment of Africa by the international community? Problem of “race” and racial sensitivity Perception of “primordial tribalism” in Africa- Violence and starvation since independence Donor fatigue: Debt and the End of the Cold War Foreigners as Invaders: “Tarzan [is still] an Expatriate?”

International Community?

The Failure of Institutional Development? How Real? Problem of Inherited Institutions Mobilization- High, Institutionalization Low Failure of political institutions Military- failure to contain political demands What’s Next?

The importance of political institutions Rules and processes (formal and informal) are essential

The Institutional State Institutionalized Norms and Rules Diverse and Representative Civil Society Stable Government Structures Muted Cultural Differences

Elinor Ostrom: Focus on Institutions and Processes

Rules and Institutions Balance between mobilization and political institutions Samuel P. Huntington

The Institutional State Decentralized (Devolved) Government Structures Effective Permanent Government (The Administrative Apparatus) Middle Class Social Compact Incorporate Traditional Governance

Rules and Institutions Adaptability rather than rigidity Complexity rather than simple Coherence rather than disunity Devolution and autonomy rather than subordinate state structures

Democracy?

Discussion: Is this important? At Issue Primacy of democratic governance or “contained political structures” Discussion: Is this important?

Traditional Elites: Still Important? Inherited States failed to deal with Traditional Leadership Continuing Influence of Traditional Elites regardless of formal standing and regime type

Zimbabwe Traditional Leaders

Traditional Leadership in Tanzania Tanzania Abolishes Chiefs in 1960s Study of Tanganyika Afrian National Party Elites (TANU- now Chama Cha Mapinduzi-CCM) Political Party Activists were traditional Elites (Norman Miller) Many activists and party elites are former traditional elites or relatives of chiefs and sub-chiefs

Tanganyika Chiefs 1961

Traditional Leadership in Tanzania Informally the Party remained highly dependent upon traditional leaders on an informal basis Traditional political values still socialize people (both in urban and rural areas) Party informally accepts traditional roles as long as it give loyalty to the party

How Chiefs Influence Governance Continued influence and high status of those who hold “tribal” authority (Dyarchy) Presence in high political and administrative positions of those who are descendents or relatives of traditional leaders Status without official sanction but consists of party functionaries or bureaucrats

Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance Full Meetings (Town Hall Style) Consensus by Direct Democracy Pure Traditional Representation- Traditional Councils (Appointed) Partial- Councils which are half elected and half traditional

Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance Technical and Deconcentrated Boards. Department heads and Traditional Representatives Specialized through the Traditional judicial Function Triangular-2 traditional, 2 elected councilors and two appointed by central government (eg. Land Boards, eg. Botswana)

GIS trainer Kent Burger with Tawana Land Board participants

Forms of Traditional Influence on Local Level Governance Bicameral- Traditional Elites represented in an Upper House Unicameral- Preserved Traditional Seats in Legislature Grassroots: Traditional Mechanisms of Governance at sub-district, area or village level

Zambia House of Chiefs

Discussion: How can the African crisis be addressed? How do we assess the role of the media? Should CNN be banned in Africa? What argument do our authors make about the nature of the African crisis? Critique them What picture of Northern influence over African states does the reading give us?

Discussion and Comments?