Infancy and childhood Social development.

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Presentation transcript:

Infancy and childhood Social development

Stranger anxiety Stranger anxiety: fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age Schemas for familiar faces distress

The origins of attachment Attachment: an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation Originally understood to be based on the need for nourishment Harlow’s monkeys https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_O60TYAIgC4 Body Contact- secure base Rocking/warmth/feeding

familiarity Attachments form during the critical period (optimal period early in the life of the organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development) Karl Lorenz Imprinting (process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period Ducklings! Children do NOT imprint- but they do become attached during a less-defined sensitive period Familiarity is good- safety signal-content

Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation (1 year old infants in a lab playroom with mother/stranger) Attachment styles!

temperament Temperament- a person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity Heredity predisposes temperament differences Temperament differences tend to be relatively stable and persistent Physiological as well Anxious, inhibited infants have high variable heart rates and a reactive nervous system Thus- parenting must vary in response

Deprivation of attachment Romanian orphanages Resiliency Abuse

Self-concept All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question: Who am I? Self-esteem is how they feel about who they are Self-awareness

Parenting styles Authoritarian- parents impose rules and expect obedience Permissive-submit to children’s desires, few demands, little punishment Authoritative- both demanding and responsive, set rules and enforce them but also explain them; open to discussion/allow exceptions