Obstructive sleep apnea and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies  Xia Wang, Yingying Ouyang, Zhen Wang, Gang Zhao, Liegang Liu, Yanping Bi  International Journal of Cardiology  Volume 169, Issue 3, Pages 207-214 (November 2013) DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088 Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Flow chart of study selection. Flow chart shows literature search for prospective cohort studies of obstructive sleep apnea in relation to cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. CPAP=continuous positive airway pressure; CVD=cardiovascular disease; OSA=obstructive sleep apnea; RR=relative risk; T2D=type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Cardiology 2013 169, 207-214DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Severe OSA and risk of CVD. Forest plot presents association between severe OSA and risk of CVD. CI=confidence interval; CVD=cardiovascular disease; F=female; M=male; OSA=obstructive sleep apnea; RR = relative risk. International Journal of Cardiology 2013 169, 207-214DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Analyses of subgroups relating severe OSA to CVD. Abbreviations as in Fig. 2. International Journal of Cardiology 2013 169, 207-214DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Contour-enhanced funnel plots for severe OSA and risk of CVD. The plots indicates that most studies are in the significant areas where P<0.01 (solid lines) and where P=0.01–<0.05 (dashed lines), while few studies are in the nonsignificant area (the area between the 2 dashed lines). Hollow squares refer to included studies, and X’s refer to filled studies. Log (RR)=logarithm of the RR; other abbreviations as in Fig. 2. International Journal of Cardiology 2013 169, 207-214DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Severe OSA and risk of CHD, stroke, and all-cause mortality. Forest plots show associations between severe OSA and risk of CHD, stroke, and all-cause mortality. CHD=coronary heart disease; other abbreviations as in Fig. 2. International Journal of Cardiology 2013 169, 207-214DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Moderate, mild OSA, and severe OSA treated with CPAP and risk of CVD. Forest plot shows association between moderate, mild OSA, and severe OSA treated with CPAP and risk of CVD. CPAP=continuous positive airway pressure; CVD=cardiovascular disease; other abbreviations as in Fig. 2. International Journal of Cardiology 2013 169, 207-214DOI: (10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.08.088) Copyright © 2013 The Authors Terms and Conditions