Tropical deforestation in West Kalimantan, Indonesian Figure 56.2

Three Levels of Biodiversity Genetic diversity in a vole population Species diversity in a coastal redwood ecosystem Figure 56.3 Three levels of biodiversity Community and ecosystem diversity across the landscape of an entire region

The endangered Marianas “flying fox” bat is an important pollinator Figure 56.5

The rosy periwinkle, a plant that saves lives Figure 56.6 The rosy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), a plant that saves lives

Overexploitation Figure 56.9

Processes culminating in an extinction vortex Small population Genetic drift Inbreeding Lower reproduction Higher mortality Loss of genetic variability Figure 56.10 Reduction in individual fitness and population adaptability Smaller population

Long-term monitoring of a grizzly bear population Figure 56.12 Long-term monitoring of a grizzly bear population

Edges between ecosystems (a) Natural edges Figure 56.14 (b) Edges created by human activity

An artificial corridor Figure 56.16

Earth’s terrestrial and marine biodiversity hot spots Terrestrial biodiversity hot spots Marine biodiversity hot spots Equator Figure 56.17

Zoned reserves in Costa Rica Nicaragua CARIBBEAN SEA Costa Rica National park land Buffer zone Panama PACIFIC OCEAN (a) Zoned reserves in Costa Rica Figure 56.19 For the Discovery Video Rain Forests, go to Animation and Video Files. (b) Schoolchildren in one of Costa Rica’s reserves

GULF OF MEXICO FLORIDA Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 50 km A diver measuring coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary GULF OF MEXICO FLORIDA Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary 50 km Figure 56.20 A diver measuring coral in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary

A gravel and clay mine site in New Jersey before and after restoration Figure 56.21 (a) In 1991, before restoration (b) In 2000, near the completion of restoration

Restoration ecology worldwide Equator Figure 56.23 Restoration ecology worldwide

Restoration ecology Truckee River, Nevada Figure 56.23 Restoration ecology worldwide Truckee River, Nevada

Kissimmee River, Florida Restoration Ecology Figure 56.23 Restoration ecology worldwide Kissimmee River, Florida

Rhine River, Europe Restoration Ecology Figure 56.23 Restoration ecology worldwide Rhine River, Europe

Biophilia: past and present Detail of animals in a 36,000-year-old cave painting, Lascaux, France Biophilia: past and present Figure 56.25 Biophilia, past and present (b) A 30,000-year-old ivory carving of a water bird, found in Germany (c) Biologist Carlos Rivera Gonzales examining a tiny tree frog in Peru

Review Genetic diversity: source of variations that enable populations to adapt to environmental changes Species diversity: important in maintaining structure of communities and food webs Ecosystem diversity: Provide life-sustaining services such as nutrient cycling and waste decomposition

You should now be able to: Distinguish between conservation biology and restoration biology. List the three major threats to biodiversity and give an example of each. Define and compare the small-population approach and the declining-population approach. Distinguish between the total population size and the effective population size.

Describe the conflicting demands that may accompany species conservation. Define biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important. Define zoned reserves and explain why they are important. Explain the importance of bioremediation and biological augmentation of ecosystem processes in restoration efforts.

Describe the concept of sustainable development. Explain the goals of the Sustainable Biosphere Initiative.