To change a substance from one state to another, you must add or remove energy! Particles in a liquid water have more energy than particles in ice. Particles in steam have more energy than particles in liquid water. Adding Energy

Graphing Changes of State The energy that is added during a change of state is used to break the attraction between particles. So, the temperature does not change until the change of state is complete.

Solving for Density D = m/V Density = mass divided by volume If you have a glass of water with a mass of 500g (minus the glass), and the volume amounts to 500mL, what is the density of water? 500g/500mL = 1g/mL

Measuring mass The amount of matter in an object. Use an electric balance to determine mass For solids use g, or kg For liquids, use the same method and units but remember to subtract the mass of the container from the total mass to find the mass of the liquid only. Example: 200g total mass – 40g beaker = 160g of liquid

Conduction, Convection and Radiation The Transfer of Heat Conduction, Convection and Radiation Convection The transfer of energy through a liquid or a gas. The movement forms a convection current Radiation: Is the transfer of Of heat through matter or space. Conduction The transfer of thermal energy through direct contact.

What causes plates to move? Heat from the earth’s core (higher temperature and pressure) causes convection currents in the mantle. As fluid is heated in the lower mantle it becomes less dense, therefore, it rises toward the upper mantle where there is less heat. As the fluid cools it becomes more dense and subject to gravity, causing it to move back into the lower mantle.

Earth’s Layers 3 main layers Crust, mantle, core Each has its own conditions and materials

Convergent Boundary One plate dives under another in a process called subduction. Oceanic crust (more dense) subducts under continental crust (less dense). The subducting plate sinks back into the mantle over tens of millions of years. This creates a deep ocean trench. Earthquakes and Volcanoes are common at these boundaries. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html & http://www.geology.com

When two continental plates collide (both low density granite rock), the crust buckles and forms mountain ranges. This is how the Himalayas formed, and the Grand Tetons. http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dynamic/understanding.html & http://www.geology.com

Divergent Boundary - oceanic New crust is generated as the plates pull away from each other Results in the formation of new oceanic crust at the mid-ocean ridge. Also associated with volcanic activity. http://www.geology.com

Transform Boundary – 2 plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions. Earthquakes occur frequently along these boundaries. www.geology.com

Igneous Rocks Igneous rock begins as magma. Magma can form: When rock is heated When pressure is released When rock changes composition Magma freezes between 700 °C and 1,250 °C Magma is a mixture of many minerals http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/igneous.htm

Sedimentary Rocks Sedimentary rock is formed by erosion Sediments are moved from one place to another Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones on the bottom The layers become compacted and cemented together http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/sediment.htm

Metamorphic Rock Meaning to change shape Changes with temperature and pressure, but remains solid Usually takes place deep in the Earth http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/metamorph.htm

Forces inside Earth and at the surface produce a rock cycle that builds, destroys, and changes the rock in the crust.

The Force of Friction Friction is a force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact. Friction occurs because the surface of any object is rough, even if it feels smooth. Friction is greater between surfaces that are rough. Kinetic Friction (moving) is caused by sliding, rolling, or fluid resistance (air or liquid). Static Friction (non-moving) occurs when a force applied is not enough to overcome the force of friction.

The Law of Universal Gravitation says that all objects in the universe attract each other through gravitational force, depending on the masses of the objects and the distance between them. The gravitational force increases as masses increase and decreases as distance increases.

Newton’s First Law of Motion An object at rest remains at rest, and an object in motion remains in motion at constant speed and in a straight line unless acted on by an unbalanced force. A golf ball will remain at rest on a tee until it is acted upon by unbalanced forces of a moving club.

Newton’s Second Law of Motion The acceleration of an object depends of the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.

Newton’s Third Law of Motion Whenever one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.

Calculate the following.. What is your average speed if you take 0.5 h to jog 4,000 m? 8,000m/h If the average speed of a car is 110 km/h, how long will it take the car to travel 715 km? 6.5h

Calculate the Acceleration! What is the average acceleration of a subway train that speeds up from 9.6 m/s to 12 m/s in 0.8 s on a straight section of track? A = (Vf – Vi) T A = (12 m/s – 9 m/s) 0.8s A = 3 m/s2

How does shaking a rope at different rates affect the wavelength of the wave that moves through the rope? Shaking the rope faster makes the wavelength shorter, shaking the rope slowly makes the wavelength longer.

Waves, longitudinal, transverse, energy, medium Use the following words to fill in the concept map: Waves, longitudinal, transverse, energy, medium Waves Transfer Can Be Energy Transverse Longitudinal With or without a Medium

The Nature of Light Light is energy that travels in electromagnetic waves, meaning it can travel through a medium (matter) or through a vacuum (empty space). The speed of light is 300,000,000 meters/second.

Sound is a longitudinal mechanical wave.

The tilt of Earth’s axis and Earth’s revolution around the sun causes the seasons.

Systems What is a system? A group of interacting parts that forma complex whole. Closed System – those in which energy moves freely in and out, but matter does not enter or leave the system. Open System- both energy and matter flow into and out of the system.

Earth’s System The two sources of energy that power the Earth’s systems are The Sun! – Which drives the external processes that occur in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and at Earth’s surface (food webs and ecosystems) Heat from Earth’s interior! –It powers internal processes that produce volcanoes, earth quakes, and mountains.

Salty Water Why are oceans salty? Streams on continental crust produce chemical weathering creating dissolved materials that are carried to the oceans.