L23B: Sociolinguistics 2005-2006 Please Turn off all cellular phones & pagers L23B Website: www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/courses/l23b 11/22/2018

Course Assessment Incourse Test (40% of total grade) TEST DATE: MONDAY, APRIL 3, 2006 (2-4pm) Final Exam (60% of total grade) 11/22/2018

Topics for this Session Brief Review Qualitative vs. Quantitative Analysis Examples 11/22/2018

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Analysis linguistic variables are counted or quantified. Eg. Labov Qualitative: involves description and analysis rather then counting of features. Eg. Bernstein 11/22/2018

Quantitative Analysis Example: Production of ‘t’: opportunities [t] [/] Female 1 – (23) 14 9 Female 2 – (51) 36 15 Male 1 – (45) 5 40 Male 2 – (38) 12 26 11/22/2018

Quantitative Analysis Example 2 Casual Formal Informant A [t]15%; [t]40%; []85% []60%   Informant B [t]65%; [t]90%; []35% []10% 11/22/2018

Quantitative Researches Examples: Labov – New York City (1966, 1977) Prescribed Text chapter 13 Trudgill – Norwich (1972, 1974), Prescribed Text chapter 14 11/22/2018

Trudgill (Norwich) Main Findings: hypercorrection towards the prestige pronunciation among middle class group women often ‘over-reported’ men under-reported 11/22/2018

Trudgill (Norwich) Main Conclusions drawn: Men and women had different notions of ‘prestige language’ Men - ‘reversed hypercorrection’ Hence distinction between: Overt & Covert Prestige. 11/22/2018

Qualitative Analysis Example: How does the doctor inform a patient that he/she must take more exercise and stop smoking? “How about losing some weight?” “Could you try to take some exercise?” “Stop smoking & lose weight now!” “If you don’t stop smoking you will die soon” 11/22/2018

Qualitative Analysis Example: Bernstein (1961) proposed 2 distinctive linguistic patterns: Restricted Elaborated 11/22/2018

Elaborated – make use of grammatical order & syntax - use complex sentences, subjunctive, embedding - frequently used pronouns ‘I’ - richer expressions 11/22/2018

Restricted short grammatical sentences poor syntactic form limited use of adjectives & adverbs rely on idioms and proverbs 11/22/2018

Bernstein (1961) Main Conclusions drawn: (1) working class had less access to elaborated form (2) public formal education requires elaborated form (3) upbringing affected language 11/22/2018

Bernstein’s research criticized because of: Data collection method used Generalizations made. Eg. lower working class Qualitative difference in the type of speech was not proven by Bernstein Poor school results may not be related to language. 11/22/2018

THEORIES developed to account for variation      Social Networks     Accommodation Theory       Acts of Identity       Ideology & language use 11/22/2018

Sources 1. Social Network Prescribed Text ch. 16, Wardhaugh (pg.127-130, 180-183), Holmes (pg.183-191). 2.    Acts of Identity LePage (on reserve), Prescribed Text ch. 20. 3.    Accommodation Theory Prescribed Text ch. 18, Holmes (pg. 230-234). 4. Language and Ideology Prescribed Text ch. 6, Woolard (available at DITTO). 11/22/2018