Do, or do not do. There is no ‘try’. 11/22/2018 Title: Biology 12/4/06 Objectives: To review for the chapter 5 Test Class Topics DO NOT Hand in W.S. Chapter 5 Science Skills before the bell rings Review Energy Flow Test Review Begin Chapter 6 Do, or do not do. There is no ‘try’. Yoda Thursday, November 22, 2018 12:12 PM

Science Skills W.S. Energy from the sun 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 11/22/2018 Science Skills W.S. Energy from the sun 1% converted in photosynthesis 10% available to next level 1st level 2nd level 3rd level 4th level 5th level

Science Skills W.S. Which are better to eat (for energy)? 11/22/2018 Science Skills W.S. Which are better to eat (for energy)? Plants or meat Which are better for our planet? Three hundred trout are needed to support one man for a year.  The trout, in turn, must consume 90,000 frogs, that must consume 27 million grasshoppers that live off of 1,000 tons of grass.  -- G. Tyler Miller, Jr., American Chemist (1971)

11/22/2018 Ecology The study of the interactions between organisms with one another and their physical environment Habitat Where a particular population of organisms live Community The many interacting species in a habitat

Energy flow in Ecosystems 11/22/2018 Energy flow in Ecosystems Producers Photosynthesis Consumers All others Trophic levels Assigning organisms levels Fig. 6 p.345

Class Assignments W.S. Chapter 5 Science Skills 12/4/06 11/22/2018 Class Assignments What By When W.S. Chapter 5 Science Skills 12/4/06 Chapter 5 Test 12/6/06 Due this class period Due next class period Due in the future

Grade Sheet 1A – SR p. 61 - 5 pts Measurement W.S. – 10 pts 11/22/2018 Grade Sheet 1A – SR p. 61 - 5 pts Measurement W.S. – 10 pts 3A SR p. 42 – 6 pts 4A – SR p. 47 – 5 pts 2A – Measurement W.S. – 10 pts SR p. 80 – 5 pts

11/22/2018 2 CO2 2 Pyruvate 2 NADH

11/22/2018 ATP synthesis Occurs along the membranes in both the chloroplast and mitochondria The electron transport chain creates a concentration gradient between e- and H+ Water is final product

Animations Wisconsin Online animation Smith College 11/22/2018 Animations Wisconsin Online animation Smith College Virtual Cell Animation

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Test Review Heterotrophic vs autotrophic organisms 11/22/2018 Test Review Heterotrophic vs autotrophic organisms Source of all energy ATP structure Location of energy Use of energy Heat released too!!!

Test Review Photosynthesis Pigments Electrons Oxygen ATP and NADPH 11/22/2018 Test Review Photosynthesis Pigments Colors absorbed and reflected Types of pigments Electrons From? Where do they go? How are they replaced? Oxygen Where does it come from? Where does it go? ATP and NADPH Calvin cycle

Test Review Cellular respiration Glycolysis Fermentation 2 ATP formed 11/22/2018 Test Review Cellular respiration Glycolysis 2 ATP formed 2 NADH formed Glucose split 2 pyruvate formed Fermentation Absence of oxygen Alcoholic Lactic acid

Test Review Aerobic respiration Krebs cycle Presence of oxygen 11/22/2018 Test Review Aerobic respiration Presence of oxygen Krebs cycle Know the handout (like Calvin cycle)

Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction 11/22/2018 Prokaryotic Cell Reproduction Binary fission Produces identical offspring Steps 1. DNA is copied 2. Cell is divided From: http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/binfission.JPG

Terminology Somatic Cell Gamete (Germ cell or sex cell) Gene 11/22/2018 Terminology Somatic Cell Any cell in the body that isn’t a gamete Gamete (Germ cell or sex cell) Sperm or ovum Gene Segment of DNA used as instructions to code for a trait 1000s per chromosome

Chromosomes Made from DNA Formed from chromatin 11/22/2018 Chromosomes Made from DNA Genetic material that directs activities and determines characteristics Formed from chromatin Right before mitosis Chromatin coils up into rods

Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction (Mitosis) 11/22/2018 Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction (Mitosis) Each chromosome (at this point) is made up of 2 identical chromatids Joined strands of identical duplicated genetic material Joined at centromere Chromatids separate and each cell has identical information Formed in S phase of cell cycle Chromosome Number in Various Organisms & Chromosome Structure From: http://www.rothamsted.bbsrc.ac.uk/ notebook/courses/guide/chromo.htm

From: http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/nucleosome.html 11/22/2018 From: http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/nucleosome.html

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11/22/2018 Sets of chromosomes Each human somatic cell has 23 pairs of chromosomes (46 total) Homologous chromosomes Each pair is called homologous Similar in size, shape and genetic content Not identical! One from each parent

Sets of chromosomes Somatic cells Gametes Fertilization Diploid (2n) 11/22/2018 Sets of chromosomes Somatic cells Diploid (2n) 2 sets of chromosomes (46 total) Homologous pairs Gametes Haploid (n) 1 set of chromosomes (23 total) Sperm and egg If an organism has haploid number ___ of chromosomes, how many are in a diploid cell? Fertilization Two haploid gametes join to form a zygote (2n) Fertilized egg

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Numbers of chromosomes 11/22/2018 Numbers of chromosomes Karyotype Table 1 (p. 121)

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