Promoting Internationalism Chapter 13: To what extent do organizations promote internationalism?

Intergovernmental Organizations IGOs Established by formal agreements among nations Represent individual nations’ interests and collective interests of all nations Example: United Nations All nations benefit when war is avoided or a pandemic is contained through international co-operation

International Non-Governmental Organizations INGOs Not established by governments Set up by individuals or groups Typically non-profit Need money to operate, but their job is not to make money Pacifist: Concentrate on nations to confront issues in a non-military fashion Example: Oxfam International, World Vision Consist of voluntary members with demographic qualities Span gender, nationality, religion and class

Red Cross The Red Cross is a neutral and impartial organization that receives a great majority of its funding from donations

World Trade Organization (WTO) 162 members as of 2015 Seeks to lower barriers by negotiating and signing agreements between member nations Requires governments to restrict protectionist trade policies for the benefit of all members Establishes rules for international trade and commerce

International Monetary Fund (IMF) 189 country members Another example of Hegemonic Internationalism Arranges for loans to other countries The changes they require typically require countries to become more market- economy based Supporters Foster economic stability Raise living standards Ensure stability of the international monetary system Critics “loan conditions” imposed on borrowing countries Recommendations fail to resolve problems within the countries

Promoting Revolutionary Internationalism The world ‘revolution’ implies a radical change, often involving violence

Orange Revolution Civil disobedience, general strikes and protests in Ukraine during 2004-2005 Began after president Viktor Yanukovych was elected under corrupt circumstances (voter fraud) A re-election was held under foreign supervision and saw the election of Viktor Yushchenko Opposition poisoned him with Dioxin (found in Agent Orange) Nearly killed and left disfigured

European Union May 1950 EU Today’s EU French Foreign Minister Robert Schumann Proposed European countries share resources A bid to eliminate friction and build peace in Europe EU Began as the European Coal & Steel Community in 1951 A European government was established in 1952 Marked the beginning of a common government Judicial & internal affairs were combined and stronger economic and monetary union (the Euro) Today’s EU As of 2013, 28 countries are members Croatia is the latest member Each has relinquished aspects of it individual sovereignty to reap benefits of EU membership