Protein Synthesis I. Introduction A. History 1. Protein Structure

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Protein Synthesis I. Introduction A. History 1. Protein Structure a. A. Fourcroy – recognized protein as a class of biological molecules b. J. Mulder – Identified proteins as all having the same formula c. F. Sanger – sequenced insulin d. T. Svedberg – proposed that proteins had conformation e. Armour Hot Dog Co. – purified pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A

2. From Gene to Protein a. J. von Liebig – started physiological chemistry b. E. Buchner – started Bio-chemistry c. W. Rontgen – discovered value of x-rays, led to X-ray crystallography d. L. Pauling – discovered H-bonding in protein e. G. Beadle & E. Tatum – relationship of gene to protein

B. The Code 1. Central Dogma a. DNA  RNA  Protein (Product) Figure 10.6A

3. Reading Frame (a sequence of DNA bases which code for product) 2. Triplet Code (three bases equals one amino acid in the protein chain) Figure 10.7 3. Reading Frame (a sequence of DNA bases which code for product)

3. Code Dictionary (Based on mRNA codons) a. Special Codes Figure 10.8A

II. Transcription (Reading DNA into RNA) A. Definition B. Process 1. Overview 2. Players a. Transcription factors b. RNA polymerase Figure 10.9B Figure 10.9A

3. Initiation 4. Elongation Figure 10.9A

5. Termination 6. Modification Figure 10.10 Figure 10.9B

III. Translation (Reading RNA into product (protein)) A. Definition B. Process 1. Overview 2. Players a. tRNA Figure 10.11A

b. rRNA c. mRNA Figure 10.12C

3. Initiation 4. Elongation Figure 10.13B Figure 10.14

Figure 10.8A 5. Termination Figure 10.15

6. Modification Figure 17.22

IV. Gene Expression A. Strategies 1. Prokaryotes Fig. 11.1b OPERON Operon turned off (lactose absent) Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor) DNA mRNA OPERON Protein Active repressor RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Regulatory gene Promoter Operator Lactose-utilization genes Lactose Fig. 11.1b

2. Eukaryotes Promoter Enhancers Gene DNA Transcription factors RNA polymerase Bending of DNA DNA Fig. 11.3

B. Organelles Nucleus & Free Ribosomes! 1. Intracellular What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be used by the cell? Nucleus & Free Ribosomes! 2. Extracellular What/Which organelle(s) are involved in building proteins which are to be put into vacuoles for shipping or retention? Nucleus, Ribosomes, rER, Vacuoles, Golgi, & Vacuoles!

VI. Mutations A. Definition B. Point 1. Base Pair Substitutions Figure 10.16A Figure 10.16B 2. Frame Shift

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