Classical Civilizations in the Mediterranean: Greece and Rome By: Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY Reorganized and edited by Bobbie Clark

The Geography of Greece

The Geography of Rome

Archaic Greece: 1650 BCE - 700 BCE

Bronze Age Greece

Crete: Minoan Civilization (Palace at Knossos)

Knossos: Minoan Civilization

Minoan Civilization

The Mycenaean Civilization

Homer: The “Heroic Age”

The Mask of Agamemnon

The History of Ancient Italy

Italy in 750 BCE

Influence of the Etruscans Writing Religion The Arch

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus

"Hellenic" (Classical) Greece: 700 BCE - 324 BCE

ATHENS: Yesterday & Today

Piraeus: Athens’ Port City

Early Athenian Lawgivers Draco “draconian” Solon Cleisthenes created the first democracy!

Persian Wars: 499 BCE – 480 BCE

Persian Wars: Famous Battles Marathon (490 BCE) 26 miles from Athens Thermopylae (480 BCE) 300 Spartans at the Mountain pass Salamis (480 BCE) Athenian navy victorious

Golden “Age of Pericles”: 460 BCE – 429 BCE

Great Athenian Philosophers Socrates Know thyself! question everything only the pursuit of goodness brings happiness. Plato The Academy The world of the FORMS The Republic  philosopher-king

Great Athenian Philosophers Aristotle The Lyceum “Golden Mean” [everything in moderation]. Logic. Scientific method.

Athens: The Arts & Sciences DRAMA (tragedians): Aeschylus Sophocles Euripides THE SCIENCES: Pythagoras Democritus  all matter made up of small atoms. Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”

Phidias’ Acropolis

The Acropolis Today

The Parthenon

The Agora

The Classical Greek “Ideal”

Olympia

The Ancient Olympics: Athletes & Trainers

Olympia: Temple to Hera

The 2004 Olympics

SPARTA

SPARTA Helots  Messenians enslaved by the Spartans.

Peloponnesian Wars

Macedonia Under Philip II

The Roman Republic: 509 BCE - 27 BCE

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians) Tribal Assembly (Representative body for plebeians)

The Twelve Tables, 450 BCE Providing political and social rights for the plebeians.

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior

The Colosseum Interior

Circus Maximus

Carthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s Route

Reform Leaders Military Reformer Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

The First Triumvirate Julius Caesar Marcus Licinius Crassus Gaius Magnus Pompey

Beware the Ides of March! 44 BCE

The Second Triumvirate Octavian Augustus Marc Antony Marcus Lepidus

"Hellenistic" Greece: 324 BCE - 100 BCE

Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great’s Empire

Alexander the Great in Persia

The Hellenization of Asia

Pergamum: A Hellenistic City

The Economy of the Hellenistic World

Hellenistic Philosophers Cynics  Diogenes ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries. citizens of the world. live a humble, simple life. Epicurians  Epicurus avoid pain & seek pleasure. all excess leads to pain! politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic Philosophers Stoics  Zeno nature is the expansion of divine will. concept of natural law. get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all. true happiness is found in great achievements.

Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences Scientists / Mathematicians: Aristarchus  heliocentric theory. Euclid  geometry Archimedes  pulley Hellenistic Art: More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art. Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age!

The Breakup of Alexander’s Empire

The Roman Empire: 27 BCE - 476 CE

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

The First Roman Dynasty

Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337

Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch

Rome vs. Greece 1. Mighty empire vs. inept/Greek city-states 2. Mastered engineering vs. scientific thought 3. Western Europe-Greco Roman vs. Eastern Europe- Greek influence 4. Shared- political ideas, religion, artistic styles, and economic structures

Religion Christianity spread, but not a product of Christian/Roman Culture Greco-Roman religion-nature>gods and goddesses Different names/interacted w/mortals/whims/soap opera God Stories used to illustrate human passions- literature

Economy and Society Difficulty Farming Merchants- better than Chinese Slavery- key component to agriculture and military expansion Behind India and China in technology Not as bad for women as China

Shout Out to the Persians 550 BCE Cyrus the Great- massive Persian Empire across Middle East Tolerant of local customs Advanced iron technology Zoroastrianism Artistic lifestyle Conquered by Alexander the Great Persian language and culture survived in the 20th Century