THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION

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Presentation transcript:

THE CATHOLIC COUNTER REFORMATION aka Catholic Reformation

Move to Reform Pope Paul III (r. 1534-1549): Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism, appointed ethical clergy. Called Church Council. Julius III (r. 1550-1555) worldly pope. Papacy comes more committed to reform under Paul IV, (r. 1555-1559), Pius IV (r. 1559-1565, and Pius V (r. 1566-1572)

New Religious Orders Ursuline order of nuns (1544): Sought to combat heresy through Christian education Discalced Carmelite Nuns (1562) – St. Teresa of Avila (1515-1582), poverty and simple life. Capuchins (1528) reform of Franciscans Oratorians (1575) St. Philip Neri Theatines (1523) improve education of clergy

New Religious Orders Jesuits (Society of Jesus) (1540): 3 goals—reform church through education, preach Gospel to pagan peoples, fight Protestantism Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): founder; organized in military fashion Spiritual Exercises: contained ideas used to train Jesuits

Spanish and Italian Inquisitions Spain: persecution of Mariscos (Christian Moors) & Marranos (Christian Jews) Succeeded in bringing southern German and eastern Europe back to Catholicism Sacred Congregation of the Holy Order, 1542, in papal states: Roman Inquisition Index of Prohibited Books: catalogue of forbidden reading Ended heresy in Papal States; rest of Italy not affected significantly

Council of Trent (3 sessions 1545-1563) Established Catholic dogma four next 4 centuries Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers Salvation by both “good works’ and faith 7 sacraments valid; transubstantiation reaffirmed Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory reaffirmed approved Index of Forbidden Books

Council of Trent Church reforms: abuses in sale of indulgences curtailed, sale of church offices curtailed, ended nepotism Bishops given greater control over clergy, seminaries established to train priests.

Results of Reformation The unity of Western Christianity was shattered: Northern Europe (Scandinavia, England, much of Germany, parts of France, Switzerland, Scotland) adopted Protestantism. Religious enthusiasm was rekindled – similar enthusiasm not seen since far back into the Middle Ages. Abuses remedied: simony, pluralism, immoral or badly educated clergy were considerably remedied by the 17th century. Religious wars broke out in Europe for well over a century.