Irony A simple way of putting it is that irony usually signals a difference between the appearance of things and reality.

Irony Situational Irony: When there is a contrast between what a reader or character expects and what actually exists or happens.

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony

Situational Irony Example When John Hinckley attempted to assassinate President Ronald Reagan, all of his shots initially missed the President; however, a bullet ricocheted off the bullet-proof windows of the Presidential limousine and struck Reagan in the chest. Thus, the windows made to protect the President from gunfire were partially responsible for his being shot.

Situational Irony Example In 1974 the Consumer Product Safety Commission had to recall 80,000 of its own lapel buttons promoting "toy safety", because the buttons had sharp edges, used lead paint, and had small clips that could be broken off and subsequently swallowed.

Situational Irony Example Jim Fixx, who did much to popularize jogging as a form of healthy exercise in his 1977 book The Complete Book of Running, died at the age of 52 of a heart attack (a death associated with sedentary, unhealthy lifestyles) while out jogging.

Situational Irony Example Alfred Nobel invented the relatively stable explosive dynamite essentially to prevent deaths (such as in mining work which relied on the unstable explosives gunpowder and nitroglycerin), but his invention was soon taken up as a weapon in the Franco-Prussian War, among others, causing many deaths.

Irony Verbal Irony: Saying one thing, but meaning something else. . . knowingly exaggerating. (sarcasm) Example: Teacher: “I can see from the ‘F’ on your paper that you put a lot of effort into your assignment.”

Verbal Irony Example “It looks like you put a lot of thought into your outfit. Thanks for dressing up.”

“Thanks so much!” said the man to the driver of the car. Verbal Irony Example “Thanks so much!” said the man to the driver of the car.

Verbal Irony Example

Verbal Irony Example

Irony Dramatic Irony: The audience or reader knows something another character does not know. Dramatic Irony Example: We, the audience, know that there is a surprise party for Carlos; however, Carlos does not know and is surprised to find a room full of friends when he arrives home.

Dramatic Irony Example STEVE BOB Although we, the audience, know Bob is in danger of being shot by Steve, poor Bob does not know Steve is around the corner.

Dramatic Irony Example We, the audience, know the identity of Hannah Montana; yet other characters do not know that Miley Stewart is actually Hannah Montana.

Dramatic Irony Example For some reason, nobody could tell that Clark Kent and Superman are the same person. The cape and no glasses change his identity.

Dramatic Irony Example In Titanic, we know that the ocean liner is going to hit an iceberg and sink but the passengers and crew cannot know this. Although we know this from historical fact, it is not made explicit to the audience in the story itself.

Dramatic Irony Example When watching a talk show like Jerry Springer, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in the chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover. 25

Irony Quiz!! What kind of irony is present here? The audience knows something that the character in the play does not. Dramatic! Your mother/father tells you, “Of course you aren’t in trouble for totaling my car, no big deal.” Verbal! You buy yourself something after months of saving and then someone gets it for you for Christmas. Situational!

Symbol A person, place, thing, or event that stands for itself and for something beyond itself as well. Examples: the American flag symbolizes freedom, liberty, and love for America. A wedding band symbolizes_______. A white flag symbolizes__________.

Symbols in Literature Dove = Peace Eagle = freedom, liberty, strength Spring = youth, re-birth, birth, life Autumn = middle age, maturity Winter = death, dying, old age Water = birth, re-birth, renewal, purification

Symbols in Literature Skull = Rose = death love, beauty Forest = place of testing or challenge Light = good, hope, freedom Rose = love, beauty Sunrise = new start, beginning Full moon = danger, bizarre behavior Sleep = death

Symbols in Literature Darkness = evil, magic, fear, unknown Red = anger, passion Blue = happiness, peacefulness, sadness, intellect Green = jealousy, wealth, growth Black = death, evil, sin, holiness White = purity, innocence