Figure 2.1 Central Dogma of molecular biology.

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Figure 2.1 Central Dogma of molecular biology. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.2 Major purine and pyrimidine bases found in DNA and RNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.3 Structures of ribonucleosides. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.4 Structures of deoxyribonucleosides. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.5 Structures of some representative nucleotides. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.6 Preferred conformations of pentose sugars. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.7 Glycosidic conformations of purines and pyrimidines. . Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.8 Structure of a DNA polynucleotide. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.9 Shorthand notations for structures of oligonucleotides. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.10 Stacked and random-coil conformations of a single-stranded polynucleotide. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.11 Hydrolysis of RNA is accelerated by participation of the 2’-OH group. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.12 Tautomeric forms of nucleobases. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.13 Watson-Crick model of DNA. Redrawn from Rich, A.J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 1:1, 1983. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.14 Watson-Crick base pairs. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.15 Formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in double-stranded DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.16 Migration of bubbles through double-helical DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.17 Denaturation of DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.18 Temperature-optical density profile for DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.19 Cooperativity of renaturation/denaturation of DNA double helices. Redrawn from Saenger, W. Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984, 141. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.20 General representation of hybridization experiments. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.21 The varied geometrices of double-helical DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.22 Hydration of the grooves of DNA. Reproduced from Saenger, W. Principles of Nucleic Acid Structure. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984, 379. With kind permission of Springer Science and Business Media. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.23 Structure of 5-methylcytidine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.24 Symmetry elements in DNA sequences. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.25 Formation of cruciform structures in DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.26 Triple Helices. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.27 Intramolecular triple helices: H-DNA. Redrawn based on figure in Sinden, R.R. DNA Structure and Function. New York: Academic, 1994. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.28 The structure of a G-quartet. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.29 G-Quadruplex DNA. Redrawn based on figure in Sinden, R.R. DNA Structure and Function. New York: Academic, 1994. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.30 Slipped, mispaired DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.31 Frameshift mutagenesis by DNA slippage. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.32 Circularization of DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.33 Negative DNA supercoiling. Redrawn from Darnell J. Lodish, H., and Baltimore, D. Molecular Cell Biology. New York: Freeman, 1986. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.34 Relaxed and supercoiled DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.35 Superhelical model for DNA. Redrawn from Sinden, R.R., and Wells, R.D. DNA Structure, mutations, and human genetic disease. Curr. Opin. Biotech. 3:612, 1992. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.36 Mechanism of Action of topoisomerases I. Redrawn from Dean, F., et all. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 47:773, 1982. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.37 Mechanism of action of topiosomerases II. Redrawn from Brown, P.O., and Cozzarelli, N.R. Science 206: 1081, 1979. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.38 Bacterial chromosomes are packaged in nucleoides. Redrawn from Worcel, A., and Burgi, E. J. Mol. Biol. 71:127, 1972. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.39 Organization of DNA into chromosomes. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.40 Models of the nucleosome complex. Reprinted with permission from Voet, D., and Voet, J.G. Biochemistry. 3d ed. New York: Wiley, 2004. © (2004) Donald and Judith Voet. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.41 X-ray structure of the nucleosome core. Reproduced with permission from Kornberg, R. D., and Lorch, Y. Cell 98: 285, 1999. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.42 Generation of negative supercoiling in eukaryotic DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.43 Nucleofilament structure. Adapted from Kornberg, R.D., and Klug, A. The Nucleosome. San Diego, CA: Academic, 1989. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.44 Types of Products generated by type II restriction endonucleases. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.45 Restriction map for plasmid DNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.46 Partial nucleotide sequences of contiguous and overlapping genes of phage. Adapted from Smith, M. Am. Sci. 67:61, 1979. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.47 Schematic presentation of a eukaryotic gene. Redrawn from Crick, F. Science 204:264, 1979. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.48 Structure of the 3’, 5’- phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides forming a single strange of RNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.49 Helical structure of RNA. Redrawn from Sprinzl M., and Cramer, F. Prog. Nucl. Mol. Biol. 22:9, 1979. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.50 Cloverleaf structure of tRNA. Redrawn from Quigley, G.J., and Rich, A. Science 194: 797, 1976. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.51 Tertiary structure of tRNA. Redrawn from Quigley, G.J., and Rich, A. Science 194: 797, 1976. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.52 Hydrogen bonding in tRNA. Redrawn with permission from Westhof and Fritsch (2000) RNA Folding: Beyond Watson-Crick Base pairs. Structure 8:R55-R65. Redrawn from Wyatt, J., and Tinoco, I., Jr. RNA structure, 471. In Gesteland, R.F., and Atkins, J.F. (Eds.) The RNA World. 1st ed. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor, 1993. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.53 Secondary, base-paired, structure proposed for 5S rRNA. Combined information from Fox, G. E., and Woese, C. R. Nature (London) 256:505, 1975, and Gray, P.N., Bellermare, G., Monier, R., Garrett, R. A., and Stoffler, G. J. Mol. Biol. 77: 133, 1973. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.54 General structure for a eukaryotic mRNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.55 Diagram of “cap” structure or blocked 5’- terminus in mRNA. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.56 Mechanism of self-splicing of the rRNA precursor of Tetrahymena. Reproduced with permission from Cech, T.R. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 260:308, 1988. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.57 “Hammerhead” structure of viral RNA. (a) Is redrawn from Sampson, J.R., Sullivan, F. X., Behlen, L.S., DiRenzo, A.B., and Uhlenbeck, O. C. Cold Spring Harbor Sym. On Quan. Bio 52: 267, 1987. (b) is redrawn from Pley, H.W., Flaherty, K.M., and McKay, D.B. Nature 372:68, 1994. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Figure 2.58 Structures of theophylline and caffeine. Textbook of Biochemistry with Clinical Correlations, 7e edited by Thomas M. Devlin © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.