PLANTS 9 Biology
Plant Anatomy Leaves: photosynthesis and transpiration Stem: support, transport of H2O and sugar Roots: anchor, and absorb H2O and minerals Flower: contains reproductive parts of plant
Roots Root hairs: increase surface area to increase absorption Nodules: symbiotic relationship with fungi/bacteria for nitrogen fixation Sometimes sugar storage: potato, carrot, turnip, onion, garlic
Stems Vascular bundles: xylem (water transport) and phloem( sugar transport) Cambium: sometimes bark, sometimes herbacious
Leaves Waxy cuticle: waterproof Upper epidermis: chloroplasts Spongy mesophyll: H2O, sugar, O2 storage Lower epidermis: stomata controlled by guard cells, open to release O2 (atmosphere), H2O (transpiration), take in CO2(photosynthesis)
Angiosperms and Gymnosperms Angiosperm- flowering plants, have a coated seed Gymnosperms- conifers (pine trees), “naked seed”
Monocots and Dicots Monocots and Dicots differ in the following ways: Leaf venation Vascular tissue arrangement Number of flower petals Root arrangement
Meristematic Tissue Meristematic tissue: stem cell tissue of the plant Apical meristematic tissue: helps stem grow up and roots grow down Lateral meristematic tissue: helps stem(trunk) increase in girth
Ground Tissue Parenchyma: storage and photosynthesis Collenchema: support and flexibility Sclerenchyma: all dead- support and vessel elements “wood pulp”
Plant Hormones Auxins- IAA, causes plants to grow to the light (phototropism) Gibberelin- helps with plant growth and seed germination Ethylene- only gas hormone, helps with ripening
Tropisms Phototropism- plants grow to light Gravitropism- plants grow in response to gravity Thigmotropism- plants respond to touch (Venus Flytrap, tendrils on vines)
Angiosperm Reproduction Female parts are the carpel: stigma, style and ovary Male parts are the stamen: the filament and anther, pollen STEPS: 1. Pollen lands on the stigma 2. Nucleus in pollen creates a pollen tube to reach ovule 3. Pollen fertilizes ovule to create a zygote (seed)
Fertilization Self-fertilization decreases genetic fitness of plant species Pollination accomplished by insects, birds and animals