Cytokines, Skin, and Smallpox–A New Link to an Antimicrobial Peptide Jodie M. Harrison, Ian A. Ramshaw  Immunity  Volume 24, Issue 3, Pages 245-247 (March 2006) DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.003 Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Th2 Cytokines Block the Production of the Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Viral dsRNA binds to TLR3 located in intracellular vesicles, resulting in activation of various signaling pathways including NF-κB. This pathway mediates the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and, either directly or via the action of these cytokines, hCAP-18. Cleavage of hCAP-18 releases the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, which has antiviral properties. The Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 induce activation of STAT6, which blocks the NF-κB signaling pathway. Immunity 2006 24, 245-247DOI: (10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.003) Copyright © 2006 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions