In-use emissions testing in Mexico * 07/16/96 In-use emissions testing in Mexico John Rogers jrogers@trafalgar-mexico.com *

Mexico City’s History 1982 Voluntary Inspection program * 07/16/96 Mexico City’s History 1982 Voluntary Inspection program 1988 Obligatory annual emissions inspection for 1982 and earlier vehicles 1992 Obligatory Test for all vehicles 1993 Multi-lane “Macro-centers” are opened. Dynamometer test introduced for intensive-usage vehicles. 1996 Test & Repair centers closed. 11/22/2018 *

Test & Repair Very convenient for vehicle owners But * 07/16/96 Test & Repair Very convenient for vehicle owners But 50 percent of vehicles obtained their approval certificate fraudulently. Public Opinion => a highly faulted emissions control program 11/22/2018 *

Lessons Learnt Must be seen by Public to be Focus on dirtiest vehicles * 07/16/96 Lessons Learnt Must be seen by Public to be effective, totally objective, transparent and control gross polluters Focus on dirtiest vehicles Use Good Test Procedure Enforced, supervised and audited False Passes damage public acceptance 11/22/2018 *

Gasoline & Gas Protocols * 07/16/96 Gasoline & Gas Protocols Test-only allows good technical and administrative controls Dynamometers essential Easy to cause False Pass on Static Tests Only way to test for NOx Short loaded-mode, constant-speed test (ASM) easy to operate and accessible in investment and cost Additional controls needed 11/22/2018 *

Verificentro 11/22/2018

Improved user friendliness 11/22/2018

* 07/16/96 Social memory is long Has anyone ever asked you for money for your vehicle to pass the test? Survey Reforma 8 Nov 2003 Indicator of Program effectiveness is the cost of false-pass 11/22/2018 *

Recent Changes Digital Video via Internet * 07/16/96 Recent Changes Digital Video via Internet Near real-time data transmission Computer-based remote auditing Strengthened legal framework and sanctions More rigorous center audits Better control on instrument calibration 11/22/2018 *

Recommended lines of action Regarding Testing Dynamometer-based diesel test procedure Dynamometer tests for AWD and ATC vehicles Consider adding Motorcycles Wait on OBDII inspections Regarding Administration Strengthen real-time remote auditing Real-time data on Internet for transparency Stronger QA/QC Frequent evaluations of program effectiveness Unified government owned software required 11/22/2018

John Rogers Thank you jrogers@trafalgar-mexico.com * 07/16/96 , . jrogers@trafalgar-mexico.com 11/22/2018 *