Attitudes of Estonian inhabitants in relation to gender-based violence and human trafficking 2016 Jaanika Hämmal Research Expert, Emor 26.05.2016.

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Attitudes of Estonian inhabitants in relation to gender-based violence and human trafficking 2016 Jaanika Hämmal Research Expert, Emor 26.05.2016

Introduction Survey objective: to map the population's awareness and attitudes towards domestic violence and human trafficking in 2016 and to assess the changes in awareness and attitudes compared to 2014. The survey was commissioned by the Ministry of Social Affairs and was conducted within the frames of the program „Domestic and Gender-based Violence“, funded by the Norwegian Financial Mechanism 2009-2014. Sample: Estonian inhabitants aged 15 years and older, 1120 respondents Method: tablet assisted personal interviews, representative survey Survey period: March and April 2016

Domestic and sexual violence

What is violence in an intimate relationship? What is it when in a relationship, one partner does this to the other … 2016 2014 ...hits the other one? ...threatens to kill the other? ...restrains the other physically? ...forces intercourse? ...threatens to hurt the other? ...damages the other person’s valuables on purpose? ...continuously mocks, insults and criticises the other? ...threatens to kill himself/herself? ..prohibits the other to work, go to school, get additional training? ...takes the partner’s bank cards and limits his/her purchases? ...prohibits the other to communicate with friends? ...incurs debts in their partner’s name?

The majority of the population is rather well aware of physical violence as well as emotional abuse in an intimate relationship Physical violence or threats of physical violence Emotional abuse Physical violence or threat of physical violoence: ...threatens to hurt the other? ...hits the other one? ...threatens to kill the other? ...restrains the other physically? ...threatens to kill himself/herself? ...forces intercourse? ...continuously mocks, insults and criticises the other? Enamikku füüsilise vägivalla situatsioone pidas vägivallaks: naised 25-34-aastaste kõrgharidusega Vaid üksikuid situatsioone (0-3) pidasid vägivallaks sagedamini: 75-aastased ja vanemad, muust rahvusest suuremate linnade (Narva, Kohtla-Järve) elanikud. Emotional abuse: ...incurs debts in their partner’s name? ...takes the partner’s bank cards and limits his/her purchases? ...prohibits the other to communicate with friends? ..prohibits the other to work, go to school, get additional training? ...damages the other person’s valuables on purpose? Vaimseks vägivallaks hindasid enamikke situatsioone sagedamini: naised, 25-34-aastased, eestlased (67% vs muu rahvus 59%) kõrgharidusega inimesed. Vaid üksikuid situatsioone (0-1) pidasid vägivallaks sagedamini: mehed, 50-64-aastased

Who is to blame for the violence? Often the victims of domestic violence are partially to blame for what happened Women provoke rape with their clothing choices Perevägivalla ohvrite „süü“ ühe aspektina võidakse silmas pidada oma ohvriseisundisse pidama jäämist (kuigi samas tunnistati, et ohvril võib eri põhjustel olla raske oma seisundist välja tulla). Perevägivalla ohver on osaliselt süüdi, enam nõustuvad: mehed (54%), Mida vanem inimene, seda suurema tõenäosusega peab ohvrit süüdlaseks, eriti alates 50-aastased ja vanemad (59%), muu rahvuse esindajad (58%), Lõuna-Eesti (60%) ja Virumaa (58%) elanikud. Mittenõustumist ohvri süüga enam: naiste (51%), 25-49-aastaste (58%), eestlaste (51%), kõrgharidusega inimeste (55%) Tartu regiooni elanike (59%) seas. Seksuaalvägivalla ohver ise süüdi. Enam usuvad sellesse vanemad inimesed (54% 65-aastastest ja vanematest), mitte-eestlased (54%) vähemharitud (põhiharidus või alla selle) (50%) Lõuna-Eesti ja Virumaa elanikud ( vastavalt 54% ja 50%). Naistel süüga ei nõustu 53% elanikest. Mittenõustujate seas on enam 25-49-aastaseid (62%), eestlaseid (58%), kõrgharidusega inimesi (65%).

Domestic violence is a crime, not a family matter Violence in a family/intimate relationship is a crime Domestic violence is a family matter, outsiders should not get involved Keskmisest enam peavad perevägivalda kuriteoks järgmised sotsiaal-demograafilised rühmad: Naised (97%) 25-34-aastased (98%) Eestlased (96%) Kõrgharidusega inimesed (97%) Enam on neid, kes ei nõustu, et vägivald peresuhtes on kuritegu, järgmiste rühmades: Mehed (5%) 65-74-aastased (6%) Muu rahvuse esindajad (6%) Perevägivalda peavad sagedamini pere siseasjaks mehed (23%), muu rahvuse esindajad (29%) ning Virumaa elanikud (31%). Neist, kes peavad perevägivalda kuriteoks, 18% leiab siiski, et see on pere siseasi.

Victims of domestic and sexual violence need help Children who have witnessed domestic violence are victims and need help A victim of domestic violence is unable to terminate the violent relationship on their own Victims of rape need help and support services 2014. aasta kvalitatiivuuring perevägivalla teemal näitas, et perevägivalla suurimaks ohvriks peetakse lapsi, kes kannatavad kas oma vanematevahelise või konkreetselt neile suunatud vägivalla tõttu. P Perevägivalla tegelikud süüdlased on alcohol, upbringing, experience of violence as a child, social-economic tensions (difficulties with coping in everyday life). 25% elanikest ei leia, et ohver vajaks vägivaldsest suhtest väljatulemiseks abi. Kvalitatiivne uuring näitas, et selle hoiaku taga võib olla arvamus, et ohver peab kõigepealt ise oma olukorda tunnistama ja abi paluma. Sagedamini ei toeta vägivallaohvri võimetust ise vägivaldsest suhtest väljuda mehed ning kõrgharidusega ja pealinna elanikud. Ilmselt just hästi toimetulevatel ja initsiatiivikatel inimestel on keerulisem ette kujutada, et nad laseksid end korduvalt väärkohelda ning ei suudaks seda olukorda lõpetada.

Half of the population has heard, seen or suspected a case of domestic violence Why was there no reaction to domestic violence… I didn’t know what to do I did not want to get involved because it’s a private matter I was afraid to interfere I was/am a child, underage I was hoping someone else would interfere The situation resolved on its own, someone else resolved it Other Don’t know Perevägivallaga on kokku puutunud 50% elanikest, neist 67% reageerisid sellele (32% mitte). Kokku reageeris kõigist elanikest 33% elanikest. Enam on kokkupuuteid perevägivallaga olnud 25-49-aastastel (58%) ning vähem päris noortel (15-24-aastastest 41%-l) ja eakatel (75-aastastest ja vanematest 34%). Hinnang perevägivallale sõltub siiski ka sellest, mida vägivallana tajutakse ja selles osas on 25-49-aastased teadlikumad ja tundlikumad kui eakamad. Enam sekkuvad võrreldes eestlastega muu rahvuse esindajad: vastavalt 64% ja 74%. Kõige sagedamini minnakse ise olukorda lahendama (65%), politseid teavitab 25%, kov-i töötajaid 9% Muude vastuste all on 2016. aastal peamiselt toodud välja seda, et olukorrast kuuldi hiljem või ei oldud kindel, kas tegu on vägivallaga. 2014. aastal mainiti, et sekkumine polnud võimalik, osalejad ei soovinud sekkumist ning sekkumisest poleks olnud kasu. Naised ei sekku perevägivalla juhtumitesse ennekõike sellepärast, et nad kardavad seda teha, mehed aga tõid välja muid põhjuseid (olukorraga kaudset kokkupuudet ja ebakindlust, kas tegu on vägivallaga). Hirm on sekkumata jätmise põhjuseks sagedamini ka eakatel (41% 75-aastastest ja vanematest)

Human trafficking

Forced labour Please tell me, in your opinion, what is the following… 2016 2014 ...when a person is forced to work with threats and false promises? ...when the person’s identity documents are taken away upon starting work? ...when people are lured into drug trafficking, stealing, begging? ...when people are not paid as promised after completing the work? Meeste ja naiste hoiakud enamasti ei erine, vaid narkoveole, vargusele või kerjamisele meelitamist peavad naised veidi sagedamini vägivallaks kui mehed (vastavalt 81% ja 72%). Mehed peavad seda naistest sagedamini ebameeldivaks olukorraks (23% vs 15%). Peamiselt eristab hoiakuid vanus: 25-34-aastased, kes peavad enamikke situatsioone (v.a. töötasu maksmatajätmist) teistest sagedamini vägivallaks. 15-24-aastased noored seevastu peavad isikuttõendavate dokumentide äravõtmist ja töötasu maksmatajätmist teistest sagedamini lihtsalt ebameeldivaks olukorraks (vastavalt 23% ja 48%) ning mitte vägivallaks (vägivald on see vastavalt 71% ja 50% jaoks). Rahvusrühmades ei ole samuti kuigi palju erisusi. Siiski tundub eestlastele ähvarduste ja valelubadustega töölesurvestamine sagedamini vägivaldne käitumine kui muu rahvuse esindajatele (vastavalt 88% ja 74%).

There are more arguments against than for prostitution 2016 2014 Prostitution is necessary and needs to be legalised because it provides prostitutes with work and income Prostitution is necessary because it helps to relieve men’s sexual tension and stress Prostitution is necessary because many entrepreneurs earn a profit from mediation, for example taxi drivers, tourism companies, strip bars etc. 2016 2014 Prostitution damages the reputation of Estonia Prostitution is violence against women Buying sex should be prohibited 42% elanikest nõustub vähemalt ühe prostitutsiooni vajalikkust kirjeldava põhjendusega. Enam on nende seas: mehi (51% vs naistest 35%), 35-49-aastaseid (49%), kõrgema sissetulekuga inimesi (49% saavad kuus pereliikme kohta üle 600 euro) Lõuna-Eesti elanikke (51%). Seksi ostu keelustamist: toetavad naised enam kui mehed (60% vs 43%) regionaalselt toetavad enim Virumaa elanikud (60%). Neist, kes nõustuvad vähemalt ühe prostitutsiooni vajalikkust kirjeldava põhjusega, nõustub 47% sellega, et prostitutsioon kahjustab Eesti mainet ja 41% sellega, et see on naistevastane vägivald. Seksi keelustamise poolt on neist 27% ehk ligi kaks korda vähem kui elanikkonnas tervikuna. Kokkuvõttes saab öelda, et neid, kes täielikult toetavad prostitutsiooni olemasolu ühiskonnas ehk peavad seda vajalikuks kuna see annab prostituutidele tööd, vahendavatele ettevõtjatele teenistust ja aitab leevendada meeste pingeid ja stressi ning ei pea seda naistevastaseks vägivallaks ega Eesti maine kahjustajaks, on 2% (3% 2014). Enam mehed (4%), kõrgem sissetulek (5%).

People are aware of the risks that can lead to becoming a victim of human trafficking 2016 2014 It is completely normal to go and work abroad without a contract The employer has the right to keep the employee’s identity documents It is acceptable to enter into a fake marriage with a person from outside of the EU in order to allow them to obtain a living permit or for the purpose of making money Why do people end up as victims of forced labour? Difficult financial situation Skilful recruiters Desire to make a lot of money fast (from 45% to 36%) Why do people enter into prostitution? Difficult financial situation Fast and easy way of making money Drug addiction, skilful recruiters Vanuserühmadest on mõnevõrra murettekitav teatud hulga noorte olemasolu, kes peab ohuolukordi normaalseks: 7% leiavad, et tööandja võib enda kätte jätta töötaja isikuttõendavaid dokumente ning 18% aktsepteerivad fiktiivabielusid. Fiktiivabielusid peavad sagedamini vastuvõetavaks ka 35-49-aastased (14%) ning muu rahvuse esindajad (17%).

Changes in awareness of domestic violence and human trafficking in the last three years

Changes in awareness of domestic violence during the last three years 73% have noticed anti-domestic violence communication and campaigns during the last three years Has your awareness of domestic violence changed during the last three years? Yes, I have learnt to notice it more and interfered more when necessary Yes, I have learnt to notice it more but have not interfered No, I am well aware of the issue No, I still don’t know much about it Don’t know 24% have become more aware Vähem on kampaaniat märganud: mehed (29% ei), 75+ (37%), muu rahvus (37%), Virumaa (33%). Neid, kelle teadlikkus perevägivalla teemadel on kasvanud, on enam: 15-24-aastaste (33%) ning 25-49-aastaste (37%) seas. Viimane vanuserühm on kõige tundlikum ka erinevate situatsioonide kategoriseerimisel vägivallaks ning näeb ohvritel vähem süüd. Eestlased on muutunud teadlikumaks kui muu rahvuse esindajad: vastavalt on vägivalda enam osanud märgata 26% eestlastest ja 20% muu rahvuse esindajatest. kõrgharidusega inimeste seas (enam on vägivalda märganud 29%) Lõuna-Eestis (32%). Teadlikkus on madalam meeste (30% ei tea teemast endiselt kuigi palju), eakate ehk 75-aastaste ja vanemate (36%) ning maapiirkondade elanike seas (34%). Teadlikkus on enim mõjutanud teavitused ja infomaterjalid (74%9) vähem lähiringkonna või tuttavate kogemus (29%).

Changes in awareness of human trafficking during the last three years 58% have noticed anti-human trafficking violence communication and campaigns during the last three years Has your awareness of human trafficking changed during the last three years? Kampaaniaid on vähem märganud: Mehed (ei ole märganud 42% vs 32% naistest) Muu rahvus (ei 50%) Suured linnad, virumaa (43-44%) Teadlikkus on paranenud: 15-24 (33%), kuid nende seas enam neid, kes ei tea teemast eriti midagi (45%). Eestlased (31% vs 16% muu rahvus) väike- ja keskmise suurusega linnade elanikud (33%) Inimkaubanduse teemast teavad vähem 15-24-aastased noored (45%), muu rahvuse esindajad (43%) Teadlikkuse muutusesse on ülekaalukalt panustanud meedias ja mujal märgatud teavitused ja infomaterjalid (92%), vähem on sellele kaasa aidanud tuttavate ja lähedaste kogemused (9%) või isiklik kogemus (3%).

Recommendations People are quite aware of the risks of domestic violence and human trafficking but the awareness is not equally spread in the society. It is important to pay attention to those whose awareness is lower: Domestic violence men, older people (starting with 50-65-year-olds but especially 75-year-olds and older). representatives of other nationalities. Human trafficking Young people (15-24-year-olds). Population on the whole: more attention to the topic of victims’ guilt in case of domestic as well as sexual violence. Perevägivald Vanemate inimeste teadlikkuse tõstmine oluline: võivad samuti langeda ohvriks, vajalik oskus vägivalda ära tunda ja abi otsida Muu rahvus: on Eestis tehtavatest teavitustest ja kampaaniatest reeglina vähem mõjutatud kuna märkavad neid vähem. Leida sobivad viisid ja kanalid nendeni jõudmiseks. Inimkaubandus: 15-24-aastased ei pruugi inimkaubanduse riskitegureid nii hästi ära tunda. Elanikkonnas tervikuna: on oluline tähelepanu pöörata nii pere- kui seksuaalvägivalla ohvrite süü teemale. Liiga sageli nähakse (osalist) süüd vägivalla eest neil endil, mis võib mõjutada nii neile abi osutamist kui ka seda, kuivõrd nad ise abi otsivad.

Thank you for your attention!