Ch. 4 Energy & Mineral Resources

Uses … What resources have you used within the last hour? List them. Were they renewable or nonrenewable?

Resources Renewable – can be replenished over short time (months, years, decades) Ex) plants, animals, natural fibers, trees (food, clothes, paper, lumber)

Nonrenewable – take millions of years to form and accumulate. Ex) coal, oil, natural gas, metals (fuel, iron, gold)

Make a T-Chart Title one side renewable resources and one side nonrenewable resources. Classify as many things as you can in this room as either type of resource. 5

H C Fossil fuels Hydrocarbon (Hydrogen & carbon) Used as source of energy Ex) Coal, Oil, Natural Gas, Petroleum How did fossil fuels form? 1 6 H C 1.0079 12.011

Coal Forms when plant material is exposed to heat and pressure 4 stages: Peat: partial decay, soil-like Lignite: sedimentary rock, brown coal Bituminous: soft coal Anthracite: metamorphic rock, hard coal

Coal cont. Used by power plants to generate electricity Lots of coal reserves in U.S. Problems Scars land Loss of life and health Air pollution (sulfur … acid rain)

Petroleum & Natural Gas Form from remains of plants and animals buried in ancient seas. Steps: Buried under sediments (protects against decay) Chemical reactions transform in to liquid and gas

Petroleum & Natural Gas After formation: Squeezed from mud-rich sediments Move into permeable rocks (under water) Less dense then water so float on top World supplies will deteriorate

Oil Traps – rock structure that accumulates liquids that trap oil and gas under the surface Ex) Anticline P. 96, figure 3

Alternate Fuel Sources Tar Sands - clay, sand and water mixed with thick tar (bitumen) Occur in sandstone, limestone, shale Hard to mine (very thick)

Oil Shale – rock containing kerogan (fossil fuel) Mined Expensive to process

Mineral Resources Deposits of minerals that can be extracted from rocks for profit Form from rock cycle processes Metals and Nonmetals Ex) Ore – useful metallic mineral mined for $$$

Alternate Energy Sources Solar Nuclear Wind Hydroelectric Geothermal Tidal

Solar Energy Direct use of sun’s rays to supply heat or electricity Passive and active types Advantages … free and non-polluting Disadvantages … equipment and install costly, clouds

Nuclear Energy Nuclear fission – nuclei of atoms split releasing lots of energy Fuel is radioactive materials Heat & Electric Power plants Advantages … lots of energy Disadvantages … costly to build safe facilities and many hazards

Nuclear Fission Reaction http://www.atomicarchive.com/Movies/Movie4.shtml

Wind Energy Wind powers turbines that power electrical energy Advantages … natural & renewable Disadvantages … location (islands), noise pollution, land availability

Hydroelectric Power Falling water drives waterwheels and turbines which produce electricity 5% of electricity in U.S. Dams Advantages … water power is renewable Disadvantages … dams have lifespan, available locations

Geothermal Energy Underground hot water and steam Heat and turn turbines generating electric power Occur around recent volcanic activity (magma) Advantages … clean, natural Disadvantages … exhaustible, limited locations

Tidal Power Ocean and tides generate electrical energy In-Out flow of tides drives turbines Advantages … natural, water power is renewable Disadvantages … costly to build

Section 4.3 – Water, Air & Land Resources/Pollution

Pollution types Point source: specified location Ex) factory pipes Nonpoint source: no specific origin Ex) Oil from streets Sediment from construction sites Pesticides from fields

Earth = the Water Planet 97% salt water (oceans) 3% fresh water

Freshwater Pollution Negative Effects Damage human body Sicken or kill aquatic life Cause disease

AIR Made of Nitrogen, Oxygen, Water Vapor and other gases. Composition maintains life 78% N 21% O 1% other gases

Acid Rain Greenhouse Gas Air Pollution 1) Fossil Fuel Burning Acid Rain Greenhouse Gas -Cars -CO2 -Power plants -Warms planet -Global Warming

Air Pollution 2) Ozone Depletion - CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) - Aerosol cans, A.C., Plastics - Less protection from radiation

Air Pollution Heath Effects … - Coughing - Lung, eye, throat irritation - Asthma, Emphysema, Cancer

Land Provides Giving us … Soil Forests Mineral resources Energy resources Giving us … food -- zinc, copper lumber -- plastics petroleum

Damage to Land 1) Mining ---- 500,000 in U.S Tears up surface Destroys plants Soil Erosion Creates pollution

Damage to Land 2) Agriculture (farming) Decrease amount of groundwater Salinization of soil (salt build up) … not fertile anymore

Damage to Land 3) Tree cutting Susceptible to soil erosion Destroys ecosystems and wildlife homes Increases hazards (floods)

Damage to Land 4) Waste Disposal Leak harmful waste Damage soil & water supplies

Section 4.4 – Protecting Resources

U.S. Statistics USE 1/3 of World’s resources PRODUCE 1/3 of World’s Trash Leads to POLLUTION! Need to CONSERVE!

Conservation Careful use of resources Pollution prevention (air, water, land)

Keeping Water Safe & Clean Clean Water Act: Reduce point source pollution Increase sewage treatment plants Safe Water Drinking Act (1974): Set maximum pollution levels ** Safe Water amounts increased from 36% (1972) to 62% (1999)!!

Protecting the Air Clean Air Act (1970): Made standards for 6 major pollutants Carbon Monoxide Ozone Lead Sulfur dioxide Nitrogen oxides’ Particulates

By 2001, emissions of these decreased 24%, even though energy use and population increased Alternate Energy Sources Energy Conservation

Caring for Land: Prevent pollution and manage wisely Soil Conservation Contour plowing & Strip Cropping Selective Cutting Preserves forests, soils, wildlife

Less farming chemicals Natural fertilizers (compost) Reduce runoff pollution Sanitary Landfills (no dumps) Liners protect from leaking

LAWS 1) Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (1976): - decreased illegal/unsafe dumping - guidelines for transport/storage of hazardous waste

- requires clean up of abandon hazardous waste sites 2) Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (1980): - requires clean up of abandon hazardous waste sites RECYCLING: collecting and processing of used items so they can be made into new products