Kingdom Protista Eukaryotic Most unicellular, some multicellular Range in size from a microscopic amoeba to giant seaweed Thought to be the ancestors to all other eukaryotic kingdoms

Where are Protists found? fresh water salt water inside organisms

Classified by the way they obtain nutrition. Animal-likeheterotrophs Plant-likeautotrophs Fungus-likeexternal digestion

1. Characteristics of Animal-like Protists (aka Protozoans) Heterotrophs Unicellular Classified by the way they move Ex: pseudopods, flagella, cilia

2. Plant-like protists (aka algae or plankton) Photoautotrophs Contain chlorophyll - but no roots, stems, or leaves Multi- or unicellular

3. Fungus-like Protists Heterotrophs Decompose dead organisms External digestion, then absorb nutrients Mostly unicellular Downy mildew on soybeans Slime mold

Ecological Roles of Protists Plant-like protists - produce 70% of Earth’s oxygen Live symbiotically w/other organisms, ex. Trichonympha live inside termites help digest wood Fungus-like protists recycle nutrients phytoplankton and zooplankton - food source for larger sea animals Human uses of algae - sushi wraps, agar plates, ice cream, salad dressing, medicines, paints, polishes Cause mildew and blight in grapes & tomatoes Irish potato famine → immigration to US

Disease Causing Protists Entamoeba – causes amebic dysentery, severe diarrhea and intestinal bleeding that can lead to death Trypanosoma – causes African Sleeping Sickness, uncontrolled sleepiness, high fever that can lead to death, transferred by the teste fly Giardia – causes Giardiasis, fatigue and diarrhea due to contaminated food. Plasmodium – causes Malaria, flu-like symptoms, transferred through infected mosquitos

Kingdom Fungi Eukaryotic Heterotrophs - use extracellular digestion (excrete enzymes and absorb nutrients) Cell walls made of chitin Some unicellular (ex. Yeast) Most multicellular

Where are fungi found? Everywhere air, water, soil people (athlete’s foot, yeast infection, ringworm) foods (bread-yeast, cheese, mushrooms)

Fruiting body – above ground, produce reproductive spores Hyphae: threadlike filaments (one-cell thick) Mycelium - a network of hyphae below ground

3 feeding relationships Decomposers - recycle nutrients Parasitism - corn smut, mildews, wheat rust, yeast infections, athlete’s foot, ringworm Mutualism - 2 examples

Symbiotic Relationships of Fungus Mycorrhizae - fungus & plant roots Fungus covers roots increasing surface area for absorbtion Plant provides food to fungi Ex. Orchids Lichens - fungi & algae or cyanobacteria Algae provide food by photosynthesis while fungi provides water & minerals

Fungi Reproduction Asexual - through fragmentation (hyphae break off & grow new mycelia) or budding. Sexual – through spores produced by fruiting body

Examples

Human and Ecological Importance Decomposers - Recycle nutrients Penicilium mold used to create antibiotics Some used as a food source, ex. yeast