Pre Columbian Societies Western Hemisphere before 1492 PERIOD 1 Pre Columbian Societies Western Hemisphere before 1492

Settlement of the W. Hemisphere What the books say People arrive anywhere from 60,000 BCE to 14,000 BCE Reach tip of South America by 11,000 BCE Struggle to determine this with precision Recent Study Three migrations (1st is most significant)

Settlement (cont)

Paleo-Indians Clovis: Folsom: Plano: Classification of earliest peoples Folsom: After Clovis Smaller Tools Plano: During Folsom Great Plains Different Tools

Central and South America Mayan Civilization Complex society Intellectual Inquisition Declined in 700-800 *Corn*

Central and South America Aztec Civilization Rose a few centuries after Mayan decline Incredibly powerful Cities as large as the largest in Europe *Corn*

Central and South America Inca Civilzation Based in Peru Extensive civilization in South America Inca culture is still prevalent today *Potatoes*

Southwestern Peoples

Southwestern Peoples Mogollon CE 150-1450 Subterranean housing Small settlements Mogollon – Stored food in pits. Built cooking fires in their homes. Agriculture based but also hunted large game in some areas. Sometimes buried people in their homes and then continued to live above. Central gathering places were called Kivas. Interested in community survival; planted and worked together to survive. Hohokam

Southwestern Peoples Hohokam Mexico and Southern Arizona Only North American native culture to rely on irrigation Large settlements Social centers in settlements Extensive and complex trading 1350-1450ce, population diminishes drastically Earlier ancestors began setttling Southern AZ as early as 2000bce. With a canal 15 feet deep and 45 feet wide, able to irrigate 110,000 acres around 1300bce. Agriculture based, but everyone had a job in the community. High infant mortality rate. Villages specialized in different goods. Traded down into Mexico and west into CA

Hohokam

Southwestern Peoples (cont) Anasazi Ancient Puebloan Four Corners area Settled Mesa Verde, CO during Roman Empire

Anasazi

Northwest Settlements Permanent settlements Rich diet based on… Totem Poles

Great Plains Nomadic Sedentary Hunters Farmers Teepees Permanent houses Buffalo Corn, beans, squash Traders

Moundbuilders Central North America Mounds built before pyramids Adena - Hopewell Mississippian Mounds built before pyramids Vanished around 1600

Moundbuilders (cont)

Northeastern Settlements Descended from the Adena-Hopewell Farming forced constant movement Known best for the Iroquois Confederacy Familial living

Atlantic Seaboard New Jersey south to Florida Farmed and fished Some of the first people to interact with Europeans

The World is Divided 1494 – Treaty of Tordesillas issued by Pope Alexander VI (yes, the Borgia!) Created an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean

The World is Divided Spain – Essentially gets all of the Western Hemisphere. Portugal – Access to Africa, Asia, and what is Brazil today.

Spanish Exploration October 12, 1492 – Columbus “finds” Bahamas. Columbian Exchange takes hold Up to 90% of the Native population in central America dies due to disease

Spanish Exploration (cont) Conquistadores – Spanish explorers who mapped the Caribbean, Central America, South America, and parts of North America. Encomienda System - Spain “gave” Native Americans to settlers in order to Christianize them. Balboa – discovered the Pacific Ocean Magellan – Sailed around the tip of South America Ponce de Leon – Explored Florida

Spanish Exploration (cont) Pope’s Rebellion (1680) – Pueblo rebels destroyed everything Catholic and built kivas. As other European nations begin exploration of the Americas, we find that the Spanish (while cruel and full of fault) were true empire builders.

Western Hemisphere - 1600