BRITTLE FAILURE: FRACTURES and FAULTS

BRITTLE BEHAVIOR Notice how cracks form early on before the visible crack occurs

When there is only one stress direction, only extension fractures form Shear Fractures form when there is confining pressure

EXTENSION FRACTURES (JOINTS) IN THE FIELD

Extension Fractures in a Fold

Stress build-up at Grain Boundaries and Resulting Extension Fractures

Exfoliation of Granite

Filled Extension Fractures

Plumose Patterns on Extension Fractures

Plumose Fractures on Extension Fractures in Field

NORMAL FAULTS

REVERSE FAULTS

Lewis Klippe

Radar Interferometry of Kobe Earthquake

STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS

“Shutter Ridge” along San Andreas Fault --shows zone of compression in strike-slip fault zones

Las Vegas Strike-slip Fault

WHAT KIND OF FAULT DO THESE REPRESENT?

Conjugate Shear Fractures in Lab

Shear Fractures in Regional Fault Zone

RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF ROCKS under Different Conditions

Shear Fractures in Theory and in Field

Shear Fractures showing Normal Slip, Death Valley

Conjugate Shear Fractures in Field

BATHYMETRIC MAP OF MID OCEAN RIDGE (MOR) DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

Extension Fractures in Limestone

Extension Fractures in Sandstone, Utah

RED SEA AND SINAI PENINSULA DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY, CALIFORNIA

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY: SAN ANDREAS-GARLOCK FAULTS

FRACTURES AFTER EARTHQUAKE

TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY, CALIFORNIA

INDIAN PLATE CONVERGING WITH ASIA

FRACTURES AFTER EARTHQUAKE

MAIN FAULTS

SUMATRA FAULT ZONE showing Transpressional plate motions

SAN ANDREAS: Shutter Ridges

FAULT SCARP AND FAULT GOUGE

OFFSET CURB: Loma Prieta Earthquake

FAULT SCARP CROSSING ROAD