An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894 - 1914 Chapter 24 An Age of Modernity Anxiety, and Imperialism, 1894 - 1914

Overall Trends Post-1894: An Era of Prosperity…? Or Struggle? Emmeline Pankhurst and women’s suffrage The “New Imperialism”, social Darwinism, and fierce nationalism Panic and the formation of alliances Fin de siecle ennui

Toward the Modern Consciousness: Developments in the Sciences Science offers certainty Thought science would give complete understanding of the world and accurate picture of reality Marie Curie (1867-1934) and Pierre Curie (1859-1906) and radium Radiation Subatomic particles Max Planck (1858-1947) and quantum physics Energy radiated discontinuously in “quanta” Albert Einstein (1879-1955) Theory of relativity Four dimensional space-time continuum Energy of the atom

A New Understanding of the Irrational Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900) Glorifies the irrational Claimed humans at the whim of irrational life forces “God is dead” Blame on Christianity Concept of the superman Henri Bergson Reality could only be grasped intuitively and experienced directly Georges Sorel General strike Syndicalism

Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis The Interpretation of Dreams, 1900 The unconscious Id, ego, and superego Repression

The Impact of Darwinism: Social Darwinism and Racism Societies are organisms that evolve Herbert Spencer’s Social Statics (1896) Radical Applications Nationalism Friedrich von Bernhardi Racism Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century, 1890 German Volk as an organism in its own right

The Attack on Christianity and the Catholic Response Political movements of the late 19th century hostile to Christian churches Controls over church courts, religious orders, and appointments Anticlericalism Ernst Renan Life of Jesus Catholic Church Pope Pius IX (Pio Nono) the “Scourge of Liberalism” and the Syllabus of Errors (1864) speaks out vs. modernism in all its forms Compromise under Leo XIII De Rerum Novarum “Of New Things” Pope Pius X Condemned Modernism in 1907 (Oath Against Modernism, 1910) Salvation Army – William Booth Pio Nono: Modernism is a No No!

Culture of Modernity: Literature Naturalism Must analyze life; pessimistic about future; suffering is necessary Émile Zola (1840-1902) Germinal Leo Tolstoy War and Peace Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment Symbolists Objective knowledge of the world was impossible Art should function for its own sake W.B. Yeats – the “master” used symbolism to mediate between the demands of art and life Tolstoy’s secret, unknown other novel is about a Russian village that got lost in his beard.

Modernism in the Arts: Impressionism Artist captures the image of an object as someone would see it if they just caught a glimpse of it Lots of color and outdoor scenes Pictures are very bright and vibrant Images without detail but with bold colors Example artists: Manet, Pissaro, Degas, Monet, Morisot and Renoir. Morisot, Summer’s Day, 1879. Pissarro, The Boulevard Montmartre at Night 1897.

Modernism in the Arts: Post-Impressionism Light and color with structure and form Post-Impressionists rejected the emphasis the Impressionists put on naturalism and the depiction of fleeting effects of light. Post-Impressionist artists differ greatly from one another, and painted alone, unlike the community of Impressionist painters Artists include van Gogh, Seurat (pointillism), Cezanne, Gauguin, Toulouse-Latrec Van Gogh’s The Starry Night, 1889 and Seurat’s Bathing at Ausnieres, 1883 ‘ear it is!!!

Modernism in the Arts: Expressionism Depict not objective reality but rather subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse in the artist Distortion, exaggeration and fantasy as well as the vivid, jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements define the style Artists include Munch and Chagall Munch’s The Scream and Chagall’s Birthday

Modernism in the Arts: Photo and beyond… Impact of photography on art Cubism: Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Guernica (1937) Abstract Expressionism: Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944) Futurism: Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, Giacomo Balla (1912) and Boccioni’s Unique Forms…(1913)

Modernism in the Arts – Music Modern developments in music Edvard Grieg At first romantic, but started to focus on new musical forms Piano Concerto in A Minor Claude Debussy Clair de Lune (Suite Bergamasque) Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune Igor Stravinsky (1882-1971) Composed music for Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes Famous works include Petrushka and The Rite of Spring Sergei Diaghilev (1872-1929) Ballet Russes traveled throughout the world and set the standard for dance performance Performance from Diaghilev’s Ballet Russe

The “Spring” Riot of 1913 Riot at the Rite (1:07) Stravinsky debuted the The Rite of Spring Ballet at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées in Paris on May 29, 1913, to an audience accustomed to the grace, elegance, and traditional music of "conventional" ballets, i.e. Tchaikovsky's Swan Lake. Opposition to Stravinsky's work literally happened within the first few minutes of the piece as members of the audience booed loudly in response to the inharmonic notes accompanying the unrecognizable bassoon's opening solo. What's more, the work's unconventional music, sharp and unnatural choreography (dancers danced with bent arms and legs and would land on the floor so hard their internal organs would shake), and Russian pagan setting, failed to win over the majority of the audience. As the ballet progressed, so did the audience's discomfort. Those in favor of Stravinksy's work argued with those in opposition. The arguments eventually turned to brawls and police had to be notified. They arrived at intermission and successfully calmed the angry crowd (yes, the show wasn't even half way over before people were throwing punches). As the second half commenced, police were unable to keep the audience under control and rioting resumed. Stravinsky was so taken aback by the audience's reaction, he fled the scene before the show was over.

Politics: New Directions and New Uncertainties The Movement for Women’s Rights: Demands of Women Amalie Sieveking (1794-1859) Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) Clara Barton (1821-1912) Growing demands of suffragists Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928) Women’s Social and Political Union Publicity Peace movements Bertha von Suttner (1843-1914) Lay Down Your Arms The New Woman Maria Montessori (1870-1952) New teaching materials Began the system of Montessori schools Ibsen’s A Doll’s House: duty to self vs. duty to husband and family Emmeline Pankhurst getting busted

Jews within the European Nation-State Anti-Semitism Actions against Jews Many emigrate Pogroms Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) The Jewish State, 1896 Zionism - Palestine Theodor Herzl and the Church of Dr. Karl Lueger in Zentralfriedhof in Vienna

Palestine ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Transformation of Liberalism: Great Britain Working class demands Caused Liberals to move away from ideals Trade Unions Advocate “collective ownership” and other controls Fabian Socialists Neither Unions nor Fabian Socialists are Marxist Britain’s Labour Party David Lloyd George (1863-1945) Abandons laissez-faire Backs social reform measures National Insurance Act, 1911 Beginnings of the welfare state

Transformation of Liberalism: Italy and France Giovanni Giolitti’s Transformismo Movement Movement involved forming coalitions in the center at the expense of the extreme right and left – typically bargains were struck through bribery, undermining democracy France Dreyfus affair and anti-Semitism in France Third Republic rocked, divided (Drefusards, Anti-Drefusards) Anti-republican, pro-Catholic, Anti-Semitic League Zola’s J’Accuse Giovanni Giolitti: Italian Liberal; Zola’s J’Accuse

Growing Tensions in Germany, Austria-Hungary William II (1888-1918) Military and industrial power Conflict of tradition and modernization Strong nationalists Pan-German League Austria-Hungary Universal male suffrage in 1907 Social Democrats A - Emperor Francis Joseph H - Count Istva`n Tisza – PM encouraged industrialization, Magyarization; promoted Jewish industrialists Wilhelm II of Germany

Industrialization and Revolution in Imperial Russia By 1900 the fourth largest producer of steel Sergei Witte Development of working class Development of socialist parties Marxist Social Democratic Party, Minsk, 1898 Russo-Japanese War, 1904-1905 General strike 10/1905, Revolution of 1905 Bloody Sunday@Winter Palace Nicholas II granted civil liberties and a legislative body, Duma under October Manifesto Curtailment of power of the Duma, 1907  Assassination of Stolypin, 1911

The Rise of the United States Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914 9 percent own 71 percent of wealth American Federation of Labor Included only 8.4 percent of industrial labor Progressive Era Reform Pure Food and Drug Act Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921 Income tax and Federal Reserve System

Growth of Canada Dominion of Canada Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870 Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871 William Laurier, 1896, First French Canadian prime minister

Canada, 1871 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license

The New Imperialism Causes of the New Imperialism Competition among European nations Social Darwinism and racism Religious humanitarianism, “White Man’s Burden” (Kipling) Economics - new markets and raw materials The Creation of Empires Scramble for Africa Cape Colony Afrikaners Great Trek, 1835 Region between Orange Free State and the Vaal River (Transvaal) Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902) CAPE TO CAIRO! Diamond and gold companies Take the Transvaal! Attempts to overthrow the neighboring Boer Government but fails in 1st Boer War Second Boer War, 1899-1902 Union of South Africa, 1910

Other Instances of Imperialism Portuguese Mozambique Angola French Algeria, 1830 West Africa and Tunisia British in Egypt Leopold II, 1865-1909 of Belgium International Association for the Exploration and Civilization of Central Africa, 1876 Belgian Congo French reaction is to move into territory north of the Congo River Germany South West Africa; Cameroons; Togoland; East Africa

Africa, 1914 ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Imperialism in Asia James Cook to Australia, 1768-1771 British East India Company Empress of India bestowed on Queen Victoria, 1876 Russian expansion Siberia Reach Pacific coast, 1637 Press south into the crumbling Ottoman Empire Persia and Afghanistan Korea and Manchuria British acquisition of Hong Kong Japan: Matthew Perry opens Japan, 1853-1854 Southeast Asia: British & French control Pacific Islands: US and the Spanish-American War

Responses to Imperialism Africa New class of educated African leaders Resentment of foreigners Middle-class Africans Intellectual hatred of colonial rule Political parties and movements China Boxer Rebellion, 1900-1901, Society of Harmonious Fists Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925) Fall of the Manchu dynasty, 1912, Republic of China

Asia, 1914

Japan and India Japan India Samurai Meiji Mutsuhito, 1867-1912 Meiji Era (Enlightened Government) Westernization of military and industry India British control results in peace and honest government Extreme poverty Indian National Congress, 1883 

International Rivalry and the Coming of War New Alliances Three Emperors League 1873: Germany, A-H and Russia and the brewing Balkan crisis Triple Alliance, 1882 – Germany, Austria, Italy Reinsurance Treaty between Russia and Germany, 1887 Dismissal of Bismarck, 1890 New Directions and New Crises Emperor Wilhelm II and a “place in the sun” Military alliance of France and Russia, 1894 Triple Entente, 1907 – Britain, France, Russia Triple Alliance, 1907 – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Crisis in the Balkans, 1908-1913 Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1908 Serbian protest, Russian support of Serbia First Balkan War, 1912 Balkan League defeats the Ottomans Second Balkan War, 1913 Greece, Serbia, Romania, and the Ottoman Empire attacked and defeated Bulgaria Serbia’s ambitions London Conference

The Balkans, 1878

Discussion Questions How does “new view” of science change our thinking about the universe? What radical changes in our concepts about human behavior resulted from Sigmund Freud’s work? What was the new racism? How are Darwin’s ideas of natural selection transformed to apply to civilization? Support or refute: Imperialism was beneficial to the nations that it occurred in.

Web Links Marie Curie Sigmund Freud Social Darwinism Cubism Maria Montessori Zionism Triple Alliance