EOQ Model Economic Order Quantity

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Presentation transcript:

EOQ Model Economic Order Quantity Ken Homa

EOQ Assumptions Known & constant demand Known & constant lead time Instantaneous receipt of material No quantity discounts Only order (setup) cost & holding cost No stockouts

Inventory Holding Costs Reasonably Typical Profile % of Category Inventory Value Housing (building) cost 6% Material handling costs 3% Labor cost 3% Inventory investment costs 11% Pilferage, scrap, & obsolescence 3% Total holding cost 26%

EOQ Model Annual Cost Order Quantity

EOQ Model Annual Cost Holding Cost Order Quantity

Why Order Cost Decreases Cost is spread over more units Example: You need 1000 microwave ovens 1 Order (Postage $ 0.35) 1000 Orders (Postage $350) Purchase Order Purchase Order Purchase Order Purchase Order Description Qty. Purchase Order Description Qty. Description Qty. Description Qty. Microwave 1000 Description Microwave Qty. 1 Microwave 1 Microwave 1 Microwave 1 Order quantity

EOQ Model Annual Cost Holding Cost Order (Setup) Cost Order Quantity

EOQ Model Annual Cost Total Cost Curve Holding Cost Order (Setup) Cost Order Quantity

Optimal Order Quantity (Q*) EOQ Model Annual Cost Total Cost Curve Holding Cost Order (Setup) Cost Order Quantity Optimal Order Quantity (Q*)

EOQ Formula Derivation D = Annual demand (units) C = Cost per unit ($) Q = Order quantity (units) S = Cost per order ($) I = Holding cost (%) H = Holding cost ($) = I x C Number of Orders = D / Q Ordering costs = S x (D / Q) Average inventory units = Q / 2 $ = (Q / 2) x C Cost to carry average inventory = (Q / 2) x I x C = (Q /2) x H Total cost = (Q/2) x I x C + S x (D/Q) inv carry cost order cost Take the 1st derivative: d(TC)/d(Q) = (I x C) / 2 - (D x S) / Q² To optimize: set d(TC)/d(Q) = 0 DS/ Q² = IC / 2 Q²/DS = 2 / IC Q²= (DS x 2 )/ IC Q = sqrt (2DS / IC)

Economic Order Quantity D = Annual demand (units) S = Cost per order ($) C = Cost per unit ($) I = Holding cost (%) H = Holding cost ($) = I x C

EOQ Model Equations D = Demand per year S = Setup (order) cost per order H = Holding (carrying) cost d = Demand per day L = Lead time in days

EOQ Example You’re a buyer for SaveMart. SaveMart needs 1000 coffee makers per year. The cost of each coffee maker is $78. Ordering cost is $100 per order. Carrying cost is 40% of per unit cost. Lead time is 5 days. SaveMart is open 365 days/yr. What is the optimal order quantity & ROP?

SaveMart EOQ EOQ = 80 coffeemakers D = 1000 S = $100 C = $ 78 I = 40% H = C x I H = $31.20 EOQ = 80 coffeemakers

SaveMart ROP ROP = 2.74 x 5 = 13.7 => 14 ROP = demand over lead time = daily demand x lead time (days) = d x l D = annual demand = 1000 Days / year = 365 Daily demand = 1000 / 365 = 2.74 Lead time = 5 days ROP = 2.74 x 5 = 13.7 => 14

Average (Cycle Stock) Inventory SaveMart Average (Cycle Stock) Inventory Avg. CS = OQ / 2 = 80 / 2 = 40 coffeemakers = 40 x $78 = $3,120 Inv. CC = $3,120 x 40% = $1,248 Note: unrelated to reorder point

Economic Order Quantity D = Annual demand (units) S = Cost per order ($) C = Cost per unit ($) I = Holding cost (%) H = Holding cost ($) = I x C

What if … Interest rates go up ? Order processing is automated ? Warehouse costs drop ? Competitive product is introduced ? Product is cost-reduced ? Lead time gets longer ? Minimum order quantity imposed ?