The Rise of Segregation Ch 16.3

The Failure of Reconstruction After Reconstruction ended in 1877, most African Americans in the South had lives that were barely better than slavery. Most of them lived in rural areas and worked as sharecroppers who were always in debt to their landlords or the shops that gave them credit.

Life in the South Over the years since Reconstruction, white ex- Confederates had slowly returned to power. They had increased their power over the lives of African- Americans. Poll taxes White primaries Literacy tests

Literacy tests Because of the new schools (our HBCs and other schools for younger African Americans) literacy rates for African Americans had gone up from 5% in 1865 to 55% in 1890. Literacy tests at the polls were supposed to keep African Americans from voting, but southern whites at a 31% literacy rate were having problems. The tests would become subjective- the voting registrar or election monitors would make the tests for African Americans impossible, and simple for whites.

Exodusters Many African Americans decided they would never get fair treatment in the South and decided to move out West. The migration to Kansas and Oklahoma was begun by a man known as “Pap” Singleton, a 70 year old former slave. The migration of former slaves was seen as similar to the exodus of the Biblical Hebrews, and the name “Exodusters” stuck.

Exodusters People went in groups and lived in dugouts, farmed it out on hard patches and some were successful. They settled in Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico.

Black Soldiers post Civil War-Buffalo Soldiers Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta There was a Buffalo Soldier In the heart of America Stolen from Africa, brought to America Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival I'm just a Buffalo Soldier In the heart of America Stolen from Africa, brought to America Said he was fighting on arrival Fighting for survival Said he was a Buffalo Soldier Win the war for America Said he was a Buffalo Soldier Win the war for America Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival Driven from the mainland To the heart of the Caribbean Singing, woe yoy yoy, woe woe yoy yoy Woe yoy yoy yo, yo yo woy yo woy yo yoy Woy yoy yoy, woy woy yoy yoy Woy yoy yoy yo, yo yo woe yo woe yo yoy I mean it, when I analyze these things To me, it makes a lot of sense How the dreadlock Rasta was the Buffalo Soldier And he was taken from Africa, brought to America Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival Said he was a, woe yoy yoy, woe woe yoy yoy Woe yoy yoy yo, yo yo woy yo, woe yoy yoy Troddin' through San Juan In the arms of America Troddin' through Jamaica, a Buffalo Soldier Fighting on arrival, fighting for survival Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta Woe yoe yoe, woe woe yoe yoe Woe yoe yoe yo, yo yo woe yo woe yo yoe Buffalo Soldier, troddin' through the land woo ooh Said he wanna ran, then you wanna hand Troddin' through the land, yea, yea Said he was a Buffalo Soldier, dreadlock Rasta Buffalo Soldier, in the heart of America Woe yoy yoy, woy woy yoy yoy Woe yoy yoy yoy, yoy yoy woy yoy woy yoy yoy If you know your history Then you would know where you coming from Then you wouldn't have to ask me Who the heck do I think I am

Black Colleges and “Normal”Schools College name State % African American % Other Bluefield State College West Virginia 13[32][33] 75 West Virginia State University[34] 17 72 Kentucky State University Kentucky 64 34 Delaware State University Delaware 70 25 Lincoln University (Pennsylvania)[35] Pennsylvania 79 18 University of the District of Columbia[36] District of Columbia 74 Elizabeth City State University North Carolina 81 Fayetteville State University 78 16 Winston Salem State University[37] Xavier University of Louisiana[38] Louisiana 13 North Carolina A&T State University[39][40] 88 12 Shaw, Wilberforce, Hampton, Fisk, Howard, Tuskegee, Mount Sinai, New Hope Rosenwald, Tankersley Rosenwald, Merritt Rosenwald, Morgan, Bailey, Ware Creek, Coinjock Colored School, Panther Branch, St. Matthews, Princeton Graded, W.E.B. Dubois, Booker T Washington, Pine Grove, Cairo Rosenwald, etc. etc. etc.