Hockenbury & Hockenbury Psychology 6e Worth Publishers (2013) Step Up To: Psychology John J. Schulte, Psy.D. & Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Hockenbury & Hockenbury Psychology 6e Worth Publishers (2013)

Chapter 7: Thinking Language and Intelligence Language and Thought Solving Problems and Making Decisions Measuring Intelligence Introduction: Thinking Language and Intelligence The Nature of Intelligence

Introduction: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 500 400 300 200 100

Solving Problems and Making Decisions 500 400 300 200 100

Language and Thought 500 400 300 200 100

Measuring Intelligence 500 400 300 200 100

The Nature of Intelligence 500 400 300 200 100

1. Which of the five sensory systems can be involved in the formation of a mental image? A) vision B) vision and hearing C) vision, taste, and touch D) any of the five sensory systems

2. According to Eleanor Rosch, the best, or most typical, instance of a particular concept is called a(n): A) example. B) exemplar. C) prototype. D) prime.

3. __________ concepts are defined by logical rules, while __________ concepts are likely to have fuzzy, rather than rigid boundaries. A) Natural; formal B) Prototypical; exemplar C) Formal; natural D) Exemplar; prototypical

Memories of individual instances to which we compare new experiences are called: A) exemplars. B) prototypes. C) logical concepts. D) factors of “best fit”.

5. According to fMRI imaging, when a person imagines a face or place, he/she: A) uses different areas of the brain than when actually seeing it. B) uses much of the same areas of the brain as when seeing it. C) uses memory areas but not visual areas as when viewing it. D) uses much larger areas of the brain than when just viewing it.

6. Josephine is trying to open a locked door and she has a ring with 250 keys on it. She tries each key, in order, sliding it to the other side of her hand if it doesn’t work. This very specific procedure for solving a problem is called a(n): A) exemplar. B) heuristic. C) prototype. D) algorithm.

7. Morton is writing a lengthy paper for his graduate school professor 7. Morton is writing a lengthy paper for his graduate school professor. Instead of sitting and writing all 30 pages at once, he breaks it down into a series of smaller, easier papers. This process of creating subgoals is an example of a(n): A) trial-and-error. B) insight solution. C) algorithm. D) heuristic.

8. Larissa can’t find her car keys 8. Larissa can’t find her car keys! She looked in her purse and they weren’t there. She looks all over her house, but every few minutes she comes back to check in her purse again. What obstacle to solving problems explains why Larissa can’t simply “accept” that her keys are not in her purse? A) the representativeness heuristic. B) mental set. C) the availability heuristic. D) functional fixedness.

9. Elefterios strongly believes that all elderly people are bad drivers. Every time he passes an older driver who is driving too slowly, he says “What did I tell you?” He never seems to comment on the older drivers who are driving safely, however. What belief tendency is Elefterios demonstrating? A) The fallacy of positive instances B) The belief-bias effect C) The confirmation bias D) The overestimation effect

10. Even though driving is more dangerous and more people die in auto accidents, like many Americans, Jason was afraid to fly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. This is due to: A) confirmation bias. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) functional fixedness.

11. “Please, I your pen would like to borrow,” a kind stranger says to you at the bank. Clearly this person’s English is understandable, but she has made a __________ error by violating the rules of word order. A) semantic B) syntax C) generative D) displacement

12. You can refer to activities that will take place in the future or took place in the past with language. This is a characteristic known as: A) nanogram. B) linguistics. C) syntax. D) displacement.

13. According to __________ differences in the way we use language lead to differences in the way we think. A) Gustav Fechner B) Benjamin Whorf C) Sigmund Freud D) David Wechsler

14. The study of animals and the use of language has demonstrated which of the following? A) Primates have been shown to use language effectively, but other animal species have not. B) Despite common belief, chimpanzees cannot learn to respond to spoken English commands. C) The most “trainable” type of animal with regard to language is a parrot. D) Several different species of animals have language systems, though not all are “verbal” languages.

15. Using the masculine generic pronoun “he” in a general sense in speech: A) increases male bias in thinking if the speaker is female. B) has no effect in bias. C) increases male bias if the speaker is male. D) increases male bias in thinking.

16. The first useful test that assessed intelligence was designed to identify school children who would benefit from extra help in which country? A) France B) Germany C) Austria D) The United States of America

17. Research exploring the various accomplishments and life outcomes of those with “genius” level IQs found that: A) IQ is related to academic success. B) Personality factors are involved in achieving success. C) Intelligence is not enough to assure success in life. D) All of the above are true.

18. The WISC is: A) an achievement test for children. B) an intelligence test for children. C) an intelligence test for adults. D) The first IQ test that David Wechsler developed.

19. Which of the following was considered an advantage of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) over the Stanford-Binet? A) The WAIS was far shorter and less expensive to administer. B) The WAIS required virtually no training to administer and score. C) The WAIS broke IQ results down into two scores – performance and verbal abilities. D) The WAIS was not standardized.

20. The average or “normal” range of IQ scores on the WAIS-III, where 68% of the scores range, is: A) 95 to 105. B) 90 to 110. C) 80 to 120. D) 85 to 115.

21. One of the earliest theories of intelligence was that there was one overall intelligence, called the “g factor.” This theory was forwarded by: A) David Thurstone. B) David Wechsler. C) Charles Spearman. D) Howard Gardner.

22. Howard Gardner believes that intelligence must be defined: A) by a single factor, called g. B) in terms of Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ’s. C) within the context of a particular culture. D) in terms of three factors.

23. Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence consists of all of the following except: A) analytic intelligence. B) interpersonal intelligence. C) creative intelligence. D) practical intelligence.

24. The relationship between the IQs of which pair of individuals has been shown to be the weakest? A) adoptive parent and child who lived together B) adopted siblings who lived together C) biological siblings who are reared together D) identical twins who are reared apart

25. Twin studies are used to: A) differentiate between the effects of heredity and environment. B) investigate the effects of personality on intelligence. C) validate IQ tests. D) prove Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.

Congratulations!

Answers Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Which of the five sensory systems can be involved in the formation of a mental image? A) vision B) vision and hearing C) vision, taste, and touch D) any of the five sensory systems

2. According to Eleanor Rosch, the best, or most typical, instance of a particular concept is called a(n): A) example. B) exemplar. C) prototype. D) prime.

3. __________ concepts are defined by logical rules, while __________ concepts are likely to have fuzzy, rather than rigid boundaries. A) Natural; formal B) Prototypical; exemplar C) Formal; natural D) Exemplar; prototypical

Memories of individual instances to which we compare new experiences are called: A) exemplars. B) prototypes. C) logical concepts. D) factors of “best fit”.

5. According to fMRI imaging, when a person imagines a face or place, he/she: A) uses different areas of the brain than when actually seeing it. B) uses much of the same areas of the brain as when seeing it. C) uses memory areas but not visual areas as when viewing it. D) uses much larger areas of the brain than when just viewing it.

6. Josephine is trying to open a locked door, and she has a ring with 250 keys on it. She tries each key, in order, sliding it to the other side of her hand if it doesn’t work. This very specific procedure for solving a problem is called a(n): A) exemplar. B) heuristic. C) prototype. D) algorithm.

7. Morton is writing a lengthy paper for his graduate school professor 7. Morton is writing a lengthy paper for his graduate school professor. Instead of sitting and writing all 30 pages at once, he breaks it down into a series of smaller, easier papers. This process of creating subgoals is an example of a(n): A) trial-and-error. B) insight solution. C) algorithm. D) heuristic.

8. Larissa can’t find her car keys 8. Larissa can’t find her car keys! She looked in her purse and they weren’t there. She looks all over her house, but every few minutes she comes back to check in her purse again. What obstacle to solving problems explains why Larissa can’t simply “accept” that her keys are not in her purse? A) the representativeness heuristic. B) mental set. C) the availability heuristic. D) functional fixedness.

9. Elefterios strongly believes that all elderly people are bad drivers. Every time he passes an older driver who is driving too slowly, he says “What did I tell you?” He never seems to comment on the older drivers who are driving safely, however. What belief tendency is Elefterios demonstrating? A) The fallacy of positive instances B) The belief-bias effect C) The confirmation bias D) The overestimation effect

10. Even though driving is more dangerous and more people die in auto accidents, like many Americans, Jason was afraid to fly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. This is due to: A) confirmation bias. B) the availability heuristic. C) the representativeness heuristic. D) functional fixedness.

11. “Please, I your pen would like to borrow,” a kind stranger says to you at the bank. Clearly this person’s English is understandable, but she has made a __________ error by violating the rules of word order. A) semantic B) syntax C) generative D) displacement

12. You can refer to activities that will take place in the future or took place in the past with language. This is a characteristic known as: A) nanogram. B) linguistics. C) syntax. D) displacement.

13. According to __________ differences in the way we use language lead to differences in the way we think. A) Gustav Fechner B) Benjamin Whorf C) Sigmund Freud D) David Wechsler

14. The study of animals and the use of language has demonstrated which of the following? A) Primates have been shown to use language effectively, but other animal species have not. B) Despite common belief, chimpanzees cannot learn to respond to spoken English commands. C) The most “trainable” type of animal with regard to language is a parrot. D) Several different species of animals have language systems, though not all are “verbal” languages.

15. Using the masculine generic pronoun “he” in a general sense in speech: A) increases male bias in thinking if the speaker is female. B) has no effect in bias. C) increases male bias if the speaker is male. D) increases male bias in thinking.

16. The first useful test that assessed intelligence was designed to identify school children who would benefit from extra help in which country? A) France B) Germany C) Austria D) The United States of America

17. Research exploring the various accomplishments and life outcomes of those with “genius” level IQs found that: A) IQ is related to academic success. B) Personality factors are involved in achieving success. C) Intelligence is not enough to assure success in life. D) All of the above are true.

18. The WISC is: A) an achievement test for children. B) an intelligence test for children. C) an intelligence test for adults. D) The first IQ test that David Wechsler developed.

19. Which of the following was considered an advantage of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) over the Stanford-Binet? A) The WAIS was far shorter and less expensive to administer. B) The WAIS required virtually no training to administer and score. C) The WAIS broke IQ results down into two scores – performance and verbal abilities. D) The WAIS was not standardized.

20. The average or “normal” range of IQ scores on the WAIS-III, where 68% of the scores range, is: A) 95 to 105. B) 90 to 110. C) 80 to 120. D) 85 to 115.

21. One of the earliest theories of intelligence was that there was one overall intelligence, called the “g factor.” This theory was forwarded by: A) David Thurstone. B) David Wechsler. C) Charles Spearman. D) Howard Gardner.

22. Howard Gardner believes that intelligence must be defined: A) by a single factor, called g. B) in terms of Verbal, Performance and Full Scale IQ’s. C) within the context of a particular culture. D) in terms of three factors.

23. Robert Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence consists of all of the following except: A) analytic intelligence. B) interpersonal intelligence. C) creative intelligence. D) practical intelligence.

24. The relationship between the IQs of which pair of individuals has been shown to be the weakest? A) adoptive parent and child who lived together B) adopted siblings who lived together C) biological siblings who are reared together D) identical twins who are reared apart

25. Twin studies are used to: A) differentiate between the effects of heredity and environment. B) investigate the effects of personality on intelligence. C) validate IQ tests. D) prove Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences.

Acknowledgments Step Up Created by: Questions written by: John J. Schulte, Psy.D. Questions written by: Jason S. Spiegelman, M.A., ABD Based on Psychology 6e, by Hockenbury and Hockenbury Published by Worth Publishers, 2013

Answers 1. D 2. C 3. 4. A 5. B 6. 7. 8. 9. C 10. B 11. 12. D 13. 14. 15. 16. A 17. D 18. B 19. C 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. A 25. A