Early Civilizations, 3500–600 B.C.E. 2 Early Civilizations, 3500–600 B.C.E.

Warm Up sec 1 + 2 You should be able to discuss these terms from sec 1 + 2 What is it? Where did it come form? Why is it important – what did it cause? Civilization Cuneiform Ziggurats City-states Hammurabi

FIGURE 2.1 This detail from Egyptian tomb art shows a husband and wife harvesting grain. As dictated by patriarchal values, the husband takes the lead in the work and the wife follows, but in Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia, men and women were depicted working together. FIGURE 2.1 This detail from Egyptian tomb art shows a husband and wife harvesting grain. As dictated by patriarchal values, the husband takes the lead in the work and the wife follows, but in Egypt, unlike Mesopotamia, men and women were depicted working together.

Civilization Defining civilization Problematic definition Economic surplus, distributed unequally Formal governments with bureaucracies System of writing Urban centers Problematic definition Cities and writing not found in early agricultural settlements

Civilization Criticism "Civilization" connoting "better" Progress Superiority Yet cruelty, rudeness in civilized societies Mass overuse of land

TIMELINE 5000 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E. TIMELINE 5000 B.C.E.–500 B.C.E.

Tigris-Euphrates Civilization Mesopotamia Civilization developed from scratch Sumeria Writing Cuneiform: stylus on clay tablets Phonetic Scribes Art Astronomy, numeric system

Map 2.1 Early Sumer The civilization fanned out along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

FIGURE 2.2 One of the early uses of writing was to mark property boundaries. This picture shows cuneiform writing on a Mesopotamian map from about 1300 B.C.E. The map focuses on defining the king's estate, with sections for priests and for key gods such as Marduk. In what ways did writing improve property maps? FIGURE 2.2 One of the early uses of writing was to mark property boundaries. This picture shows cuneiform writing on a Mesopotamian map from about 1300 B.C.E. The map focuses on defining the king's estate, with sections for priests and for key gods such as Marduk. In what ways did writing improve property maps?

FIGURE 2. 3 A translation of the map shown in Figure 2. 2 FIGURE 2.3 A translation of the map shown in Figure 2.2. (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Neg.#S4-13970) FIGURE 2.3 A translation of the map shown in Figure 2.2. (University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Neg.#S4-13970)