Anomalije u prirodnim vodama

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Presentation transcript:

Anomalije u prirodnim vodama

hidrogeokemijske anomalije površinske vode podzemni tokovi mobilni elementi U, Zn, Cu, Pb, SO4, Cl, PO4, Fe, Mn,… koncentracije reda veličine ppm-ppb

Način pojavljivanja elemenata mobilne vrste: otopina suspenzija kationi (Zn2+, Cu2+, CaOH+, UO22+,…) anioni (Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-, UO2(CO3)34-, …) nedisocirane molekule i ionski parovi (O2, H4SiO4, …) organski kompleksi (kelati, organometalni kompleksi, …) suspendirane koloidne čestice (Fe, Mn i Al –oksidi i hidroksidi, minerali glina) ioni adsorbirani na suspendiranom materijalu

raspodjela elementa u tragovima između navedenih mobilnih faza ovisi prvenstveno o kemijskim svojstvima elementa te kemijskim i fizičkim svojstvima sredine. brzina reakcija (kinetika) uzorkovanje ovisi o vezi element u tragovima – mobilna faza

Uzorkovanje vode pH, Eh, količina otopljenog kisika, vodljivost, temperatura TOC, BPK, KPK kationi metali (filtracija, pH<2; 5-10 ml/dm3 konc. HNO3) amonij-ion (pH<2; 1 ml/dm3 konc. H2SO4) anioni sulfati (pH<2; 2 ml/dm3 konc. HCl) nitrati (HgCl2) fosfati kloridi

KPK – kemijska potrošnja kisika standardna otopina K-dikromata u 50%-tnoj otopini H2SO4 oksidacija organskih i anorganskih tvari podložnih oksidaciji Cr(6+)2O72- + 6e- + 14H+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O višak dikromata se titrira standardnom otopinom FeSO4(NH4)2SO4 informacija o stupnju zagađenosti vode uglavnom organskim tvarima BPK – biokemijska potrošnja kisika količina kisika (u mg) koja je potrebna mikroorganizmima za oksidaciju organske tvari u 1L analizirane vode pri aerobnim uvjetima.

Faktori koji utječu na sastav prirodnih voda Sastav oborina voda, kloridi (~0,5 ppm), sulfati (~2 ppm), otoplje tvari (~5 ppm) pH<7 (CO2, H2S, SO2, HCl,…) N2, O2, Ar,… Reakcije s tlom i stijenama H2O, H+, CO2 glavni elementi vs. elementi u tragovima topljivost minerala (oksidi, silikati, sulfidi, evaporiti, karbonati) promjena vodljivosti

Načini pojavljivanja elemenata u tragovima u krutinama

Oksidacija/redukcija Klimatski faktori temperatura količina oborina npr. lateriti Starost podzemne vode vrijeme provedeno u vodonosniku Oksidacija/redukcija organska tvar dubina vodonosnog sloja precipitacija/otapanje

Adsorpcija Miješanje vode minerali glina Fe, Al, Mn - hidroksidi organska tvar Miješanje vode

Precipitacija – geokemijska barijera oksidacija (Fe, S) redukcija metala (U, Cu, Ag) redukcija sulfata (Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, …) sulfatno-karbonatna barijera (Ca, Ba, Sr) porast pH (metali) adsorpcija ili koprecipitacija

Vodotočni sediment glavni adsorbenti Composition of the sediment samples of the Stream Gräsanoja. Clay fraction: <2μm, fine silt: 2–10μm and coarse silt: 10–63μm. (Kuusisto-Hjort, 2009)