What is the difference in effect? As a feudal lord, each of your peasants grows 100 bushels of wheat. On the more productive estate next door, peasants grow 120 bushels of wheat. How does this affect you? As a capitalist factory owner, each of your workers produces 100 shirts a day. In the more productive factory next door, each similarly paid worker produces 120 similar shirts each day. How does this affect you?

“Creative Destruction” The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. The bourgeoisie, during its rule of scarce one hundred years, has created more massive and more colossal productive forces than have all preceding generations together. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto “Creative Destruction”

Aim: How did the British industrial revolution begin to change the world?

Early stages of industrialization FEWER WORKERS “A central problem is how to develop agriculture, to provide food and raw materials, while also transferring resources from agriculture to the rest of the economy: this is the agrarian question.” MORE FOOD Merchant capitalists become land-owners, seek to improve productivity, profits Enclosure movement - end of “common land”

Early stages of industrialization Merchant capitalists become land-owners, seek to improve productivity Enclosure movement - end of “common land” “Putting out” system: from farmers to home “workers” Technological changes in weaving and spinning

Spinning Cotton into Thread

Handloom weaving

Spinning Jenny turns cotton, wool into thread more efficiently

Automatic weaving loom, powered by water wheel

Power Looms, using a steam engine - note the drive shafts

How a steam engine works http://howthewestworks.com/037.htm

Factory system - lots of capital, huge increases in production, lower labor costs

Canals and Rivers Coal and Iron Deposits

Canals and Rivers Railroads

Coal, Iron, Manufacturing Centers

Canals and Rivers Manufacturing Centers

Railroads Manufacturing Centers

“The Rocket” - 1st successful train

Early Railroads

Rivers, Canals, Railroads in Europe

China & India

The need of a constantly expanding market for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the entire surface of the globe. It must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, establish connections everywhere. Industries no longer work up indigenous raw material, but raw material drawn from the remotest zones; industries whose products are consumed, not only at home, but in every quarter of the globe. Karl Marx, Communist Manifesto