Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University PowerPoint Presentation for Biopsychology, 9th Edition by John P.J. Pinel Prepared by Jeffrey W. Grimm Western Washington University This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. COPYRIGHT © 2014 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion Chapter 17 Biopsychology of Emotion, Stress, and Health Fear, the Dark Side of Emotion Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Biopsychology of Emotion: Introduction Phineas Gage Why would a tamping iron through the skull lead to dramatic changes in personality? Damage to the Medial Prefrontal Lobes Site of planning and emotion Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 17.1 A reconstruction of the brain injury of Phineas Gage. The damage focused on the medial prefrontal lobes. (Based on Damasio, H., Grabowski, T., Frank, R., Galaburda, A.M., and Damasio, A.R. (1994). The return of Phineas Gage: Clues about the brain from the skull of a famous patient. Science, 264, 1102-1105.) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Theories of Emotion James-Lange Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response which triggers emotion. Autonomic/skeletal response is necessary for emotion. Cannon-Bard Stimulus triggers autonomic/skeletal response and emotion. Autonomic/skeletal response is independent of emotion. Both are wrong. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Limbic System and Emotion Papez proposed an emotional circuit (limbic system) that includes the hypothalamus. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 17.4 The location of the major limbic system structures. In general, they are arrayed near the midline in a ring around the thalamus. (See also Figure 3.28 on page 71.) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Kluver-Bucy Syndrome Kluver-Bucy syndrome is a rare cerebral neurological disorder. Major symptoms include the urge to put objects into one’s mouth, memory loss, extreme sexual behavior, placidity, and visual distractibility. Kluver-Bucy results from bilateral damage to anterior temporal lobes. It was first seen in monkeys, and subsequently in other species (including humans). Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Polygraphy Lie detection is really emotion detection. Control-Question Technique Physiological response to a target question compared with response to control question Success rate in studies is about 80 percent. Guilty Knowledge Technique Merely ask a question that only the culprit would know the answer to. Success rate in distinguishing guilty vs. innocent is 88 percent in one study. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emotions and Facial Expression The meanings of facial expressions appear to be universal. Six Primary Emotions Naturally occurring expressions are usually variations or combinations of the basic ones. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. FIGURE 17.5 Ekman’s six primary facial expressions of emotion and one combination facial expression. (Generously supplied by Kyung Jae Lee and Stephen DiPaola of the iVizLab, Simon Fraser University. The expressions were created in video game character style using FaceFx 3D software, which allows DiPaola and Lee to create and control facial expressions of emotion in stills and animated sequences; see ivizlab.sfu.ca). Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Emotions and Facial Expression (Con’t) Facial Feedback Hypothesis Smiling makes you happier; facial muscles influence emotional experience. Microexpressions: brief facial expressions reveal true feelings and may break through false ones. Different muscles are involved in fake and real smiles. Current perspective: body cues also play a major role in expression of emotion. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Fear, Defense, and Aggression Fear: emotional reaction to threat Aggressive behaviors: designed to threaten or harm Defensive behaviors: designed to protect from threat or harm (motivated by fear) Social aggression: unprovoked attacks on members of one’s own species; intended to establish dominance Defensive attack: aggressive behavior, as when cornered Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Aggressive and Defensive Behaviors Colony–Intruder Model of Aggression and Defense in Rats Study interaction between alpha male of an established colony and a small male intruder Observation of Cats and Mice Cat “play” with prey is actually a combination of attack and defense behaviors. Target-site concept: aggressive behaviors designed to attack specific sites on body; defensive to protect specific sites Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aggression and Testosterone (T) Nonprimates T release around the birth of male rats prepares them for T-activated social aggression at maturity. T increases or has no effect on social aggression, depending on species; castration decreases or has no effect on social aggression in same species. In humans, social aggression does not increase along with higher T levels at puberty. In humans, most aggressive outbursts are defensive attack (not T related), not social aggression. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Aggression and Testosterone (Con’t) Social Aggression in Humans Does not decrease with castration or increase with testosterone injections Violent criminals and aggressive male athletes may have high testosterone levels, but this may be the result (not cause) of aggressive behavior. Possible Sources of Discrepancies in Human Studies Measured blood testosterone level; should measure brain- part testosterone levels Failure of researchers to distinguish between social aggression (testosterone-related, for establishing dominance) and defensive aggression (e.g., when cornered) Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Neural Mechanisms of Fear Conditioning Pair a neutral stimulus (e.g., a tone) with an aversive stimulus (e.g., a shock). Present the tone later and the animal will show a conditioned fear response. Usually a defensive behavior Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Amygdala and Fear Conditioning Lesions of the amygdala block fear conditioning. The amygdala receives input from all sensory systems. Appears to be responsible for adding emotional significance to another stimulus The amygdala projects to brainstem regions that control emotional behavior output . Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Brain Mechanisms of Human Emotion Cognitive neuroscience is a current approach to study human emotion. Brain activity associated with emotion is diffuse. Emotion, including empathy, is correlated with activity in motor and sensory cortices. Similar brain activity is associated with experienced emotion, imagined emotion, or observation of someone experiencing an emotion. May indicate a mirror-like system in the brain Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Amygdala and Human Emotion Amygdalas in humans appear to have a more general role in emotions, not just in fear. The amygdala appears to play a role in evaluating the emotional significance of situations. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medial Profrontal Lobes and Human Emotion Emotion and cognition are better studied as components of the same system. Medial portions of the prefrontal lobes are sites of emotion–cognition interaction. Medial prefrontal lobes are active during either emotional suppression or reappraisal paradigms. Many other roles for this area in emotion have been suggested; likely it performs many functions. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Lateralization of Emotion Early theories of lateralization may have been too general. Asymmetry of facial expression studies indicate that a majority of people have right-hemisphere dominance for facial expressions. Similar in monkeys Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Stress Response Stress triggers stress hormones: anterior-pituitary adrenal-cortex system (glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and norepinephrine) and cytokines (causing inflammation and fever). Selye neglected the sympathetic nervous system. Individual differences, such as attitude, affect the magnitude of the stress response. Example: women awaiting surgery who were “certain” they did not have breast cancer had milder stress than did others. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychosomatic Disorders: The Case of Gastric Ulcers Gastric ulcers: lesions of stomach lining and duodenum More common in those who are stressed, they are readily created in the animal lab. Ulcers are caused by a bacteria; stress appears to makes the body vulnerable to this bacteria. 75 percent of healthy subjects have the bacteria. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. What Effect Does Stress Have on Immune Function: Disruptive or Beneficial? Effects of stress on immune function depends on the kind of stress. Acute stressors improve immune function. Chronic stressors impair immune function. Stress can impact immune function in many ways. Effects of stress can be good (adaptive and healthful), bad, or mixed. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Early Experience of Stress Stress or mistreatment early in life may cause brain and endocrine abnormalities later in life. Rat pups handled by researchers had more adaptive stress response in adulthood (less circulating glucocorticoids following stress), probably due to less negative feedback from hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors. Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.