AFTER QUIZ! Read pg. 411 in the text – primary source Make a list of grievances that the author discusses. How would a European settler respond to these? How would they justify their actions?

EARLY LATIN AMERICA, 1500-1800

I. Spain and Portugal Control the Americas Iberian (Spain & Portugal) traditions continue in new world Europeans lived in cities surrounded by peasant population Conquerors = nobles, natives = peasant workers Patriarchal family type Slavery (already established system in Iberian peninsula) Strong bureaucracy and theocracy backbones of political life Catholic church was strong influence Timeline 1492-1570: “Era of Conquest” 1570-1700: “Era of Consolidation” 1700-1800: “Era of Reform”

II. The Caribbean & Beyond The Caribbean served as a testing ground for colonization Beginning of encomienda system – grant of land, including native peoples, to individual Spaniards Established a kind of serfdom Encomendero – holder of an encomienda, could use natives as workers or tax them Big impact: natives killed by disease, warfare Within 30 years, most of native population killed Immigration of women and African slaves – turned from conquest to permanent settlement Central Mexico, then South America Cortez arrived in Mexico (1519), entire region under Spanish control by 1535 (New Spain) Pizarro reached Peru by 1540, easily defeated a weak Inca Empire CHALLENGE QUESTION

III. Destruction and Transformation Population declined Mexico – 25 mil. (1519)  2 mil. (1580) Peru – 10 mil. (1530)  1.5 mil. (1590) Exploitation Indian nobility promised special privileges in exchange for helping Spanish Thousands of Indians used as cheap/free labor for large construction projects Encomiendas ended as Spain did not want a new class of nobility to compete with Turn to a low wage-based system of labor, eventually imported slavery after native population took hit Adaptation Many natives adapt and use language, laws, technologies, culture Continued to face persecution/discrimination

IV. Economy & Government Silver mining and agriculture basis for economy Haciendas – huge estates, produced for local consumption, became basis for local aristocracy Spain tightly controlled trade between Americas and rest of world Galleons – heavily armed ships, used to carry silver and other valuable goods Highly structured bureaucracy controlled colonies Recopilacion – 1681, codified laws for basis of colonial government Viceroyalities – high ranking nobles, representatives of king One in Mexico City, one in Lima (Peru) Audiencias – system of superior courts to enforce laws Role of Church Conversion Record and analyze native cultures

V. Racial Hierarchies The mixture of Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans creates new hierarchies Sociedad de castas Social status based on racial origins, occupation also important Whites at top, black slaves and/or Native Americans at bottom Castas – people of mixed origin Mulattoes – African+European Mestizo – Spanish+Americans Over time, even distinctions/hierarchies develop between whites Peninsulares – whites born in Spain Creoles – whites born in New World Racial hierarchies occur simultaneous to ones based on wealth, religion, gender, age, class Based on traditional Iberian customs

EXIT TICKET Answer the following questions without the aid of your notes, using complete sentences. Describe two cultural traditions that were transferred to the New World by the Portuguese and Spanish. What was an “Encomendero?” What rights did he have in the New World? What is the “sociedad de castas?”

CHALLENGE QUESTION! What motivated the conquistadors? Why were so many eager to travel to the New World to explore? Complete sentences, a paragraph. BACK