Urban Models How and why does land use organize a city? Functional Zonation

City “Ingredients” Central place (business, offices, shopping— where goods and services are exchanged) Industry (making of goods) Transportation Residential (low, middle, high class) What would I want to locate near/far from each other?

Central Business District (CBD) Land cost? Land use?

Central Business District (CBD) Land Use: Government, Offices, Retail (“downtown” commercial center) Residential? who would elect to live here and why?

Day Night Populations US Cities

Central Business District (CBD) How does cost of land impact the landscape? Compact! Skyscrapers Small store- fronts

Zone in Transition (ZIT) Land cost? Land use?

Zone in Transition (ZIT) Land Use Industrial manufacturing (plants) Warehouses (trains, storage, shipping) Noise/Pollution = lower land value

Zone in Transition (ZIT) Some Housing: Who lives here & why? Low quality (slums) High density (projects, apartments) Ethnic neighborhoods

Residences Distribution Neighborhoods by socio- economic status, race, family situation, etc. Low class Middle class High class

Concentric Zone (“Burgess”) Model (‘20s) What happens to land value further from the core? Who lives where and why?

ex. Chicago 1920s Who lives where? Works where? Why? Lower-classes live closer to CBD (migrants at industrial jobs) Upper-classes live farther out (higher income-- can afford commute) Circles move outward as city expands

Bid-Rent Theory COST COST

Inconsistencies today? Assumes flat land, etc. … BUT Cities rarely have clear “zones” Gentrification-- improvements in downtown lower-class zone

Sector (“Hoyt”) Model (1930s) City develops in sectors, not rings— why? Which sector guides the pattern?

Sector (“Hoyt”) Model (30s) Industry along transport routes (railroad, river) High-income areas along fashionable boulevards, waterfronts, or high ground

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman) (Post WW2, early suburbanization) Development not dependent on CBD; rather several “nodes” of business activity Office parks, manufacturing, retail Why multiple “nodes?”

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman) Activities don’t have to revolve around CBD Universities => restaurants, good residences, bookstores Airports => hotels, warehouses

Urban Realms Model “Edge Cities”/Galactic City Suburban regions more independent from CBD “Edge Cities”-- large commercial centers that offer entertainment/shopping for suburbs Fixed activity spaces in urban “realm”

“Edge Cities”/Galactic City Urban Realms Model “Edge Cities”/Galactic City Counter-urbanization (people want to live away from city!) Increased transportation (cars) Technology (tele-commute) Why?

Transportation and urban growth DISCUSSION: * Do you recognize aspects of the layout of your town or city that are remnants of past transportation eras?

Located along freeways or beltways “Edge cities” - suburban nodes: high-rise offices, shopping, entertainment, hotels - designed for auto travel - Located along freeways or beltways DISCUSSION: * What are the elements required for a suburban area to be categorized as an "edge city"? Philadelphia's Edge Cities

Galactic City or Edge City Model

Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

Source: October 2006: http://centerwest.org/futures/frtrng/

Urban sprawl – contemporary problem Low-density “leapfrog” developments beyond urban edge Consequence of car-dependent urban growth “Boomburgs” DISCUSSION: * Would you prefer to live in the city center or in one of these houses facing the open prairie? Why?