Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, & Reform

The Enlightenment Enlightenment philosophers, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu, applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships, religion, and politics

Influence of the Enlightenment Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority Required examples of revolutionary documents: American Declaration of Independence French Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen Simon Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter Enlightenment ideas also challenged existing notions of social relations such as Expanded suffrage (rise of democracy) Reform Bill of 1832 Abolition of slavery End of serfdom

Rise of Nationalism Nationalism brought nations together Germany Otto von Bismarck Italy Nationalism tore empires apart Ottomans & Greek independence Nationalism goes global Indian National Congress Chinese Nationalist Party Gandhi is a major nationalist leader next unit!

Rising Discontent with Imperial Rule Subjects challenged imperial governments Potential examples: China: White Lotus Rebellion (failed) Russia: Pugachev Rebellion (failed) See Eurasian Empires PPT from 1450-1750 Unit Required examples of successful rebellions: American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Latin American independence movements

Questioning imperial authority + nationalism = anticolonial movements Potential examples of anticolonial movements include: Sepoy Rebellion 1757 Boxer Rebellion 1900 (pictured above)

Rebellions with Religious Influence Potential examples of rebellions influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism include: Taiping Rebellion 1850-1865 (pictured above) Mahdi in Egypt, Sioux Indian Ghost Dance movement, etc.

Frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies Potential examples of reform movements include: Tanzimat Reforms in Ottoman Empire (pictured above) Self-Strengthening Movement in China

Rise of new transnational ideologies Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies including liberalism, socialism, and communism

Rise of feminism & women’s suffrage Potential examples of demands for women’s suffrage and the rise of feminism: Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman Seneca Falls Conference of 1848 (8th grade U.S. history)