Organic Chemistry & Carhohydrates Presented by Mr. Rainbeau

the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms Organic Chemistry the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

What are 4 types of organic molecules found in living things? Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids biomolecules

What elements make up carbohydrates? (Carbon) with (Water) C, H and O in a 1:2:1 ratio (Ex: C6H1206 )

What are 2 uses of carbohydrates? living things use it as main source of energy (short term & intermediate term)

2. Plants and some animals use for structural purposes (cellulose & chitin)

What is a monosaccharide? (One) (Sugar) Single sugar (monomer) Ex:Glucose (fuel in humans) Fructose (fruit) Sugars end in “ose”

What is a polysaccharide? (Many) (Sugar) large molecule formed from monosaccharides

Ex: glycogen (animal starch) stored in liver and muscles) -intermediate energy

Ex: starch used by plants to store excess sugar (roots, seeds)

Ex: cellulose tough, flexible, gives plants stength & rigidity (wood, paper)

Lets build some carbohydrate Lets build some carbohydrate. But first we need to know how to put small sugars together. Monosaccharides are the monomers of carbohydrates.

Monomer Polymer One subunit Many subunits link together to form polymer Made up of monomers

The monomer of a carbohydrate is _______________ a monosaccharide (ex: Lets glue in a monosaccharide.

What do you think a disaccharide might be? Di means ___ Saccharide means ___ Disaccharide means two sugars or a double sugar

Lets make a double sugar. How are two monosaccharides put together?

Dehydration Synthesis – the loss of water that occurs when linking monomers together

Lets try putting two monosaccharide together using the process of dehydration synthesis. Use flip chart or

A disaccharide is made up of _________________ 2 monosaccharides

Using your remaining monosaccharides, make a polysacharide. This is an example of a ___________. It is made up of __________________ . I put it together using the process of ________________ . When I put monosacchide together they lost _____________________ . # # & word

2. Disaccharide 2 monosaccharides joined together (Two) (Sugar) 2 monosaccharides joined together Ex: Sucrose: glucose + fructose (table sugar) Maltose: glucose + glucose (malt sugar)

Intermediate term energy storage (starches & glycogen)

C. 3 types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

B. Molecule Structure 1. All made up of monomers (smaller subunits) that link together to form polymers (the larger compound)

Lipids

What is a characteristic of a lipid? large molecules that are generally not soluable in water

What elements make up a lipid? carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

What are the four functions (uses) of a lipid?

1. Stores energy (fats) Excess carbohydrates  fats for energy storage.

2. Make up cell membranes (phospholipids)

3. Water proofing (waxes)

4. Make up steriods & hormones which are chemical messengers

What two molecules make up a lipid? glycerol and fatty acids

What is meant by saturated What is meant by saturated? each carbon atom is joined to another carbon by a single bond

(has maximum # of H & is solid @ room temp)

What is meant by unsaturated? there is at least 1 carbon-carbon double bond in a fatty acid

not full of hydrogens (liq. @ room temp)

Nucleic Acids

What elements make up a nucleic acid? carbon , hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? A nucleotide (Draw & Label)

What is the function of a nucleic acid? to store and transmit hereditary or genetic information

What are the two types of nucleic acids and how are they different? DNA RNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) (Ribonucleic Acid) The sugar is deoxyribose The sugar is ribose Holds info about how organism will grow Involved in assembling proteins

What are the two types of nucleic acids and how are they different? DNA RNA

1. DNA Hold information of how an organism will grow and develop

2. RNA Involved in the assembly of proteins

Proteins

What elements make up proteins? Nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

What is the monomer of a protein? An amino acid (Draw & label)

How many different amino acids are found in nature? More than 20 (humans need 20 essential amino acids)

How are amino acids different? Each amino acid has a different side group (R-group)

What are the four functions of proteins? Control the rate of reactions & regulate cell processes (Enzymes)

2. Used to form bones and muscles 3. Transport substances into or out of cells

4. Help fight disease

What are the four levels of protein organization? Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain Amino acids twist and fold Protein chain folds Protein shape

Amino acids

D. Enzymes Biological catalysts - substances that speed up chemical reactions Can be reused over and over again

Enzyme Specificity

Analyzing the effect of pH on enzyme activity The graph at the right shows the relationship between pH and the activity of two digestive enzymes, pepsin and trypsin. Pepsin works in the stomach, while trypsin works in the small intestine. Use the graph to answer the following questions. 1. Name the enzyme that works best in highly acidic environments. ______________ 2. Name the enzyme that works best in less acidic environments. ________________ 3. Identify the pH value at which trypsin works best. _______ 4. Identify the pH value at which pepsin works best. _______ 5. What does the graph indicate about the relative acidity of the stomach and the small intestine?