Lesions of the Avian Pancreas Robert E. Schmidt, DVM, PhD, DACVP, Drury R. Reavill, DVM, DABVP (Avian Practice), DACVP  Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice  Volume 17, Issue 1, Pages 1-11 (January 2014) DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004 Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Pancreatic atrophy. There is almost complete loss of zymogen and acinar cells are small with clear cytoplasm (H&E, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Severe vacuolar degeneration of pancreatic exocrine cells attributed to zinc toxicity (H&E, 28×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Acute pancreatic necrosis in a Quaker parakeet. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Microscopic appearance of acute pancreatic necrosis. There is severe coagulative necrosis of the pancreas (left) adjacent to the small intestine (H&E, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Severe chronic pancreatic fibrosis. Remaining acinar are small and separated by fibrous connective tissue (H&E, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Chronic lymphocytic pancreatitis associated with paramyxovirus-3 infection. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 Herpesvirus-induced pancreatic necrosis and characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies (arrows) (H&E, 280×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 8 Poxvirus infection of the pancreas resulting in swollen acinar cells containing eosinophilic inclusion bodies (H&E, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 9 Pancreatic fluke infestation in a king parrot. Note atrophy and generalized roughening of the pancreas. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 10 Pancreatic carcinoma infiltrating into the wall of the small intestine. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 11 Pancreatic carcinoma. Note irregular, poorly defined acinar structures comprised of poorly differentiated epithelial cells. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 12 Severe vacuolation of islets of Langerhans in a cockatiel with clinical diabetes mellitus (H&E, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 13 Foci of hyperplasia of islets of Langerhans in an African Gray parrot (arrows) (H&E, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 14 Immunohistochemical stain for glucagon. Cells positive are brown, indicating primarily A cells undergoing the hyperplastic change (Immunoperoxidase stain for Glucagon, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Fig. 15 Carcinoma of the islets of Langerhans. Note formation of infiltrative nests of poorly differentiated islet cells through the capsule and into surrounding pancreatic parenchyma (H&E, 70×). Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice 2014 17, 1-11DOI: (10.1016/j.cvex.2013.09.004) Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions