copyright cmassengale Classification copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale 18-1 copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Species of Organisms There are 13 billion known species of organisms This is only 5% of all organisms that ever lived!!!!! New organisms are still being found and identified copyright cmassengale
What is Classification? Classification is the arrangement of organisms into orderly groups based on their similarities Classification is also known as taxonomy Taxonomists are scientists that identify & name organisms copyright cmassengale
Benefits of Classifying Accurately & uniformly names organisms Prevents misnomers such as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish Uses same language (Latin or some Greek) for all names Sea”horse”?? copyright cmassengale
Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names copyright cmassengale
Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Early Taxonomists 2000 years ago, Aristotle was the first taxonomist Aristotle divided organisms into plants & animals He subdivided them by their habitat ---land, sea, or air dwellers copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Early Taxonomists John Ray, a botanist, was the first to use Latin for naming His names were very long descriptions telling everything about the plant copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Carolus Linnaeus 1707 – 1778 18th century taxonomist Classified organisms by their structure Developed naming system still used today copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Carolus Linnaeus Called the “Father of Taxonomy” Developed the modern system of naming known as binomial nomenclature Two-word name (Genus & species) copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Standardized Naming Binomial nomenclature used Genus species Latin or Greek Italicized in print Capitalize genus, but NOT species Underline when writing Turdus migratorius American Robin copyright cmassengale
Binomial Nomenclature Which TWO are more closely related? copyright cmassengale
Classification Groups Taxon ( taxa-plural) is a category into which related organisms are placed There is a hierarchy of groups (taxa) from broadest to most specific copyright cmassengale
Hierarchy-Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division – used for plants) Class Order Family Genus Species BROADEST TAXON Genus and species are the two names used to identify specific organisms in the binomial system of classification. Division is used for plants. Most Specific copyright cmassengale
Linnaeus's System of Classification Each level is called a taxon, or taxonomic category. Species and genus are the two smallest categories. Grizzly bear Black bear Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Linnaeus's System of Classification Genera that share many characteristics are grouped in a larger category, the family. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Linnaeus's System of Classification An order is a broad category composed of similar families. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Linnaeus's System of Classification The next larger category, the class, is composed of similar orders. Black bear Grizzly bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Linnaeus's System of Classification Several different classes make up a phylum. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. PHYLUM Chordata Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Linnaeus's System of Classification The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus's taxonomic categories. Grizzly bear Black bear Giant panda Red fox Abert squirrel Coral snake Sea star KINGDOM Animalia Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification uses seven taxonomic categories. This illustration shows how a grizzly bear, Ursus arctos, is grouped within each taxonomic category. Only some representative species are illustrated for each category above the species level. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
copyright cmassengale Dumb King Phillip Came Over For Gooseberry Soup! copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Taxons Most genera contain a number of similar species The genus Homo is an exception (only contains modern humans) Classification is based on evolutionary relationships copyright cmassengale
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-1 Which statement about classification is true? A) Biologists use regional names for organisms. B) Biologists use a common classification system based on similarities that have scientific significance. C) Biologists have identified and named most species found on Earth. D) Taxonomy uses a combination of common and scientific names to make the system more useful. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-1 Linnaeus's two-word naming system is called A) binomial nomenclature. B) taxonomy. C) trinomial nomenclature. D) classification. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-1 Several different classes make up a(an) A) family. B) species. C) kingdom. D) phylum. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-1 A group of closely related species is a(an) A) class. B) genus. C) family. D) order. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-1 Which of the following lists the terms in order from the group with the most species to the group with the least? A) order, phylum, family, genus B) family, genus, order, phylum C) phylum, class, order, family D) genus, family, order, phylum Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
copyright cmassengale 18-2 copyright cmassengale
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phylogeny is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. Biologists currently group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. The strategy of grouping organisms is based on evolutionary history and is called evolutionary classification. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The higher the level of the taxon, the further back in time is the common ancestor of all the organisms in the taxon. Organisms that appear very similar may not share a recent common ancestor. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Classification Using Cladograms Many biologists now use a method called cladistic analysis. Characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members are called derived characteristics. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Different Methods of Classification Crustaceans Mollusk Appendages Conical Shells Crab Barnacle Limpet Crab Barnacle Limpet Early systems of classification grouped organisms together based on visible similarities. That approach might result in classifying limpets and barnacles together (left). Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, or phylogeny, not just physical similarities. Crabs and barnacles are now grouped together (right) because they share several characteristics that indicate that they are more closely related to each other than either is to limpets. These characteristics include segmented bodies, jointed limbs, and an external skeleton that is shed during growth. Molted external skeleton Tiny free-swimming larva Segmentation CLASSIFICATION BASED ON VISIBLE SIMILARITY CLADOGRAM Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
copyright cmassengale Cladogram Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scales copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Primate Cladogram copyright cmassengale
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Similarities in DNA and RNA The genes of many organisms show important similarities at the molecular level. Similarities in DNA can be used to help determine classification and evolutionary relationships. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall DNA Evidence The more similar the DNA of two species, the more recently they shared a common ancestor, and the more closely they are related in evolutionary terms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Molecular Clocks A gene in an ancestral species A molecular clock uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that two species have been evolving independently. 2 mutations 2 mutations new mutation new mutation new mutation Species Species Species A B C
Basis for Modern Taxonomy Homologous structures (same structure, different function) Similar embryo development Molecular Similarity in DNA, RNA, or amino acid sequence of Proteins copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals. copyright cmassengale
Similarities in Vertebrate Embryos copyright cmassengale
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-2 Grouping organisms together based on their evolutionary history is called A) evolutionary classification. B) traditional classification. C) cladogram classification. D) taxonomic classification. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-2 Traditional classification groups organisms together based on A) derived characters. B) similarities in appearance. C) DNA and RNA similarities. D) molecular clocks. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-2 In an evolutionary classification system, the higher the taxon level, A) the more similar the members of the taxon become. B) the more common ancestors would be found in recent time. C) the fewer the number of species in the taxon. D) the farther back in time the common ancestors would be. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-2 Classifying organisms using a cladogram depends on identifying A) external and internal structural similarities. B) new characteristics that have appeared most recently as lineages evolve. C) characteristics that have been present in the group for the longest time. D) individual variations within the group. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-2 To compare traits of very different organisms, you would use A) anatomical similarities. B) anatomical differences. C) DNA and RNA. D) proteins and carbohydrates. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
copyright cmassengale 18-3 copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Domains Broadest, most inclusive taxon Three domains Archaea and Bacteria are unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles) Eukarya are more complex and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale ARCHAEA Kingdom - ARCHAEBACTERIA Probably the 1st cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale BACTERIA Kingdom - EUBACTERIA Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Important decomposers for environment Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc. copyright cmassengale
Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale
Domain Eukarya is Divided into Kingdoms Protista (protozoans, algae…) Fungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) Plantae (multicellular plants) Animalia (multicellular animals) copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Protista Most are unicellular Some are multicellular Some are autotrophic, while others are heterotrophic Aquatic copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Fungi Multicellular, except yeast Absorptive heterotrophs (digest food outside their body & then absorb it) Cell walls made of chitin copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic Absorb sunlight to make glucose – Photosynthesis Cell walls made of cellulose Growth, with increases in size and number of cells, is part of development. Development involves many stages from conception until death. copyright cmassengale
copyright cmassengale Animalia Multicellular Ingestive heterotrophs (consume food & digest it inside their bodies) Feed on plants or animals Crash Course copyright cmassengale
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Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-3 Organisms whose cell walls contain peptidoglycan belong in the kingdom A) Fungi. B) Eubacteria. C) Plantae. D) Archaebacteria. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-3 Multicellular organisms with no cell walls or chloroplasts are members of the kingdom A) Animalia. B) Protista. C) Plantae. D) Fungi. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-3 Organisms that have cell walls containing cellulose are found in A) Eubacteria and Plantae. B) Fungi and Plantae. C) Plantae and Protista. D) Plantae only. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-3 Molecular analyses have given rise to a new taxonomic classification that includes A) three domains. B) seven kingdoms. C) two domains. D) five kingdoms. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 18-3 Which of the following contain more than one kingdom? A) only Archaea B) only Bacteria C) only Eukarya D) both Eukarya and Archaea Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall