The Unification of China Chapter 8 The Unification of China Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Confucius Kong Fuzi (551–479 B.C.E.) Aristocratic roots “Master Philosopher Kong” Aristocratic roots Unwilling to compromise principle Decade of unemployment, wandering Returned home a failure, died soon thereafter Sayings compiled in Analects Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Confucian Ideas Ethics and politics Junzi: “superior individuals” Avoided religion, metaphysics Junzi: “superior individuals” Role in government service Emphasis on Zhou dynasty texts Later formed core texts of Chinese education Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Confucian Values Ren Li Xiao Goal was cultivation of junzi Kindness, benevolence Li Propriety Xiao Filial piety Goal was cultivation of junzi Ideal leaders Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Mencius (372–289 B.C.E.) Principal Confucian scholar Optimist, placed emphasis on value of ren Not influential during lifetime Since about tenth century C.E., considered most important authority on Confucius’s teachings Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Xunzi (298–238 B.C.E.) Career as government administrator Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity Less rosy view than Mencius’s Emphasis on li: rigid propriety Use of harsh social discipline Like Confucius and Mencius, believed in improving human beings, restoring order Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Daoism Critics of Confucianism Founder: Laozi, sixth century B.C.E. Passivism, rejection of active attempts to change course of events Founder: Laozi, sixth century B.C.E. Among several thinkers that contributed to exposition of Daoist beliefs: Daodejing Compendium of Daoist views: Zhuangzi (named for author, 369–286 B.C.E.) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Dao “The Way” (of nature, of the cosmos) Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock Cavity of pots, wheel hubs: empty spaces, but essential Human beings to tailor behavior to passive, yielding nature of dao Live with sense of selfless detachment Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Doctrine of Wuwei Attempt to control universe results in chaos Restore order by disengagement No advanced education No ambition Act selflessly and live simply in harmony with nature Cultivate self-knowledge Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Political Implications of Daoism Confucianism as public doctrine Daoism as private pursuit Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Legalism Emphasis on development of the state Role of law Ruthless, end justifies the means Role of law Strict punishment for violators Principle of collective responsibility Shang Yang (390–338 B.C.E.) The Book of Lord Shang Han Feizi (280–233 B.C.E.) Forced to commit suicide by political enemies Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Legalist Doctrine Two strengths of the state Agriculture Military Emphasized development of peasant, soldier classes Distrust of pure intellectual, cultural pursuits Historically, often imitated but rarely praised Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Unification of China Development of Qin dynasty, fourth to third centuries B.C.E. Generous land grants under Shang Yang Private farmers decreased power of large landholders Increasing centralization of power Improved military technology Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi (r. 221–210 B.C.E.) founded new dynasty as “First Emperor” Dynasty ended in 207 B.C.E., but set dramatic precedent Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy Massive public works begun Precursors to Great Wall Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

China Under the Qin Dynasty, 221–207 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Burning of the Books Vigorous campaign of criticism Qin Shihuangdi ordered execution of critics, demanded burning of all ideological works Some 460 scholars said to have been buried alive Others forced from provinces into army, dangerous frontier posts Massive cultural losses Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Qin Centralization Standardized: Building of roads, bridges Laws Currencies Weights and measures Script Building of roads, bridges Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Tomb of the First Emperor Lavish tomb built by some 700,000 laborers Slaves, concubines, craftsmen sacrificed and buried Excavation began in 1974 Unearthed 15,000 terra-cotta sculptures of soldiers, horses, weapons Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Han Dynasty Civil disorder brought down Qin dynasty, 207 B.C.E. Liu Bang formed new dynasty: the Han, 206 B.C.E.–220 C.E. Early Han (206 B.C.E.–9 C.E.) Usurper temporarily displaced Han, 9–23 C.E. Later Han (25–220 C.E.) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Early Han Policies Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy Created large landholdings Maintained control over administrative regions After failed rebellion, took more central control Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Han Centralization The “Martial Emperor” Han Wudi (141–87 B.C.E.) Increased taxes to fund more public works Huge demand for government officials, in decline since Qin persecution Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Confucian Educational System Han Wudi established imperial university, 124 B.C.E. Prepared young men for government service Not a lover of scholarship, but demanded educated class for bureaucracy Adopted Confucianism as official course of study 3,000 students by end of Early Han; 30,000 by end of Later Han Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Han Imperial Expansion Invasions of Vietnam, Korea Constant attacks from Xiongnu Nomads from central Asia Horsemen Brutal ruler Modu (210–174 B.C.E.), had soldiers murder his wife, father Xiongnu briefly dominated by Han Wudi Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

East Asia and Central Asia at the Time of Han Wudi, ca. 87 B.C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Patriarchal Social Order during the Early Han Classic of Filial Piety Subordination to elder males Lessons for Women Ban Zhao (45–120 C.E.) Education should be available to all children Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Iron Metallurgy Expansion of iron manufacture Iron tips on tools abandoned as tools entirely made from iron Increased food production Superior weaponry Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Other Technological Developments Cultivation of silkworms Sericulture techniques: breeding, diet Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms Led to establishment of intricate network of trade routes: Silk Roads Development of paper Bamboo, fabric abandoned in favor of paper based on hemp, bark, textile fibers Crossbow trigger, horse collar, ship rudder Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Economic and Social Difficulties Expenses of military expeditions, especially against Xiongnu Increasing taxes Arbitrary property confiscations Increasing gap between rich and poor Increase in slavery, tenant farming Banditry, rebellion Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Reign of Wang Mang (9–23 C.E.) Wang Mang served as regent for two-year-old emperor, 6 C.E. Seized power himself in 9 C.E. Introduced massive reforms The “socialist emperor” Land redistribution, but poorly handled Social chaos ended in assassination, 23 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

The Later Han Dynasty Han dynasty emperors managed, with difficulty, to reassert control Yellow Turban uprising, land distribution problems Internal court intrigue Collapse of weakened Han dynasty by 220 C.E. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.