Recent advances in the pathophysiology of nephrolithiasis Khashayar Sakhaee  Kidney International  Volume 75, Issue 6, Pages 585-595 (March 2009) DOI: 10.1038/ki.2008.626 Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Physicochemical scheme for the development of uric acid stones. Kidney International 2009 75, 585-595DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.626) Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Mechanisms of urinary acidification. Kidney International 2009 75, 585-595DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.626) Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Acute acid loading. Previously published in Sakhaee et al.21 Kidney International 2009 75, 585-595DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.626) Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 4 Inpatient net acid excretion. Net acid excretion=NH4+ + TA–(HCO3-+Cit). Kidney International 2009 75, 585-595DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.626) Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 5 Oxalate catabolism and energy conservation in Oxalobacter formigenes. Kidney International 2009 75, 585-595DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.626) Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 6 Oxalobacter formigenes in stool among patients with recurrent calcium oxalate kidney stones and non-stone formers. Previously published as a modification of information obtained from Kaufman et al.108 Kidney International 2009 75, 585-595DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.626) Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 7 Sites and characteristics of crystal deposition. A transmission electron micrograph showing a crystalline structure composed of concentric layers of crystalline material (light) and matrix protein (dark). Previously published in Evan et al.127 Kidney International 2009 75, 585-595DOI: (10.1038/ki.2008.626) Copyright © 2009 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions