Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules)

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Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Edition in Modules) Appendix A Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers

Statistical Reasoning Mode the most frequently occurring score in a distribution Mean the arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores Median the middle score in a distribution half the scores are above it and half are below it

Statistical Reasoning Our Brand Brand Brand Brand X Y Z 100% 99 98 97 96 95 Percentage still functioning after 10 years Brand of truck

Statistical Reasoning Our Brand Brand Brand Brand X Y Z 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Percentage still functioning after 10 years Brand of truck

Statistical Reasoning Range the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution Standard Deviation a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean

Statistical Reasoning A Skewed Distribution 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 90 475 710 70 Mode Median Mean One Family Income per family in thousands of dollars

Statistical Reasoning The Normal Curve

Statistical Reasoning Correlation Coefficient a statistical measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus how well either factor predicts the other Positive- scores go up and down together Negative- one score falls as the other rises Regression Toward the Mean the tendency for the extremes of unusual scores or events to fall back (regress) toward the average

(positive or negative) Correlation Indicates direction of relationship (positive or negative) Correlation coefficient r = +.37 Indicates strength of relationship (0.00 to 1.00)

Correlation Perfect positive correlation (+1.00) No relationship (0.00) Perfect negative correlation (-1.00)

Height and Temperament of 20 Men Correlation Height and Temperament of 20 Men 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 80 63 61 79 74 69 62 75 77 60 64 76 71 66 73 70 68 90 42 81 39 48 72 57 30 84 Subject Height in Inches Temperament

Correlation

Making Inferences Statistical Significance a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance