Anjar substation control building with Damaged wall inside Anjar substation control building with Damaged wall inside Anjar substation control building with temporary support column

Buildings located near steep slopes Buildings located near steep slopes. Must be away from steep slopes for better resistance to forces.

located on filled – up soil Buildings located on filled – up soil Buildings located on filled – up soil should be avoided

filled – up soil should be provided Buildings located on filled – up soil should be provided Buildings located on filled – up soil should be provided with raft on pile foundations

Addition of shear walls to decrease span of diaphragm

Shape of Buildings Shape of Buildings

The optimal (regular) seismic configuration

Buildings with irregular configuration

Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral resistance

Buildings with abrupt changes in lateral stiffness

Typical analytical diagram of earthquake forces

For complicated configuration more than two axes may be used for analysis

Earthquake forces on buildings

Earthquake forces: The reality

Earthquake forces acting on a large building

Localized strength and stiffness

Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames- not recommended.

Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames recommended

Arrangement of shear walls and braced frames recommended Discontinuity in Diaphragm Stiffness

Diaphragm openings Diaphragm openings

Buildings with offsets

Damage to buildings with offsets

Damage to buildings with offsets

Re-entrant Corner Re-entrant Corner

Irregularity in masses

Elastic and Plastic behavior of mild steel

Response Spectra Response Spectra

Beam Reinforcement Beam Reinforcement

Transverse Reinforcement in Column

Column and Joint Detailing

Beam Column Intersection

of shallow foundations Examples of shallow foundations Examples of shallow foundations (a) Combined footing; (b) Combined trapezoidal footing; (c) Cantilever or strap footing; (d) Octagonal footing; (e) Eccentric loaded footing with resultant coincident with area so soil pressure is uniform

Examples of mat foundations (a) Flat plate; (b) plate thickened under columns; (c) beam- and-slab; (d) plate with pedestals; (e) basement walls as part of mat

Common types of cast-in-place concrete piles: (a) Uncased pile; (b) Franki uncased-pedestal pile; (c) Franki cased-pedestal pile; Common types of cast-in-place concrete piles: (a) Uncased pile; (b) Franki uncased-pedestal pile; (c) Franki cased-pedestal pile; (d) Welded or seamless pipe pile; (e) Cased pile using a thin sheet shell; (f) mono-tube pile; (g) Uniform tapered pile; (h) step-tapered pile.

Typical pile configurations

Common types of earth retaining structures

Common types of earth retaining structures Separation Joints Common types of earth retaining structures