Review In 1800, 3% of people lived in cities. Today that % is closer to: a) 10% b) 25% c) 50% d) 75% Urbanization has ________ in MDCs, but is still ____________ in LDCs Why are cities still growing in LDCs?

Where are people distributed within urban areas? Ch. 13 Urban Patterns Where are people distributed within urban areas?

3 Models of Urban Structure Help explain where different types of people live in an urban area Not random Model = simple form of reality Describe the internal social structure of cities

Concentric Zone Model 1923, Burgess (sociologist) – 1st model of this kind Chicago is most often cited as an example of this model

Concentric Zone Model In theory, each ring represents different economic activity b/c the value of land decreases as you move away from the core A city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings (tree) Size & width of rings varies from city to city Criticisms: cities rarely have clear “zones” only really applicable in USA Created before transportation factors

Cont’d… 5 Zones: innermost: CBD (nonresidential) 2nd zone: in transition w/ industry & poorer-quality housing (immigrants) 3rd zone: working-class homes 4th zone: newer houses for middle-class 5th zone: commuter zone

Sector Model Fig. 13-6: In the sector model, a city grows in a series of wedges or corridors extending out from the CBD.

Sector Model 1939, Homer Hoyt (land economist) When cities have corridors of different types of development that radiate outward like spokes from the CBD Certain areas of city are more attractive, as city grows, expand outward in wedge from center Toronto?

What is similar about these 2 models? Poorest are closest to the CBD Buffering Both assume urban growth & development outward from a single source (the CBD, most likely the original site of the city)

Multiple Nuclei Model Fig. 13-7: The multiple nuclei model views a city as a collection of individual centers, around which different people and activities cluster.

Multiple Nuclei Model 1945, Harris & Ullman (geographers) When cities don’t have a distinct CBD, but rather have several “nodes” of business activity Example: LA has a small downtown but many nodes Some activities are attracted to certain nodes (Airport, university) Incompatible land-use activities will avoid clustering in same areas

Geographic Application Critics point out that the models are too simple and may be too dated to explain contemporary urban patterns in the U.S. or in other countries None of the 3 models by itself explains patterns (simplistic), but if they are combined, they help explain where different types of people live w/in a city Models show that people prefer to live near others w/ the same characteristics (homogeneous)

Geographic Applications of the Models Examples Concentric Zone Model Families in newer houses tend to live in an outer ring Families in older houses tend to live in an inner ring Sector Model Given two families who own their homes, the family with the higher income will not live in the same sector as the family with a lower income. Nuclei Model People with same ethnic background are likely to live near each other.

Factorial Ecology of Toronto, (Murdie, 1969) 259 census tracts and 109 variables 3 groups of variables Social Status – (income, education, occupation, home value) - sectors Family Status – (average age, family size, married, single) - generally younger families with children live farther away - concentric rings Ethnic Status – (language, race, religion) - desire to live in clusters - cultural segregation may be both sought and vigorously defended - social and economic barriers to movement outside of these clusters (node) (Korean and Blacks in L.A.) - multi-nuclei

European Cities?? Can we apply these models to Europe? In contrast to most cities in US, wealthy Europeans still live in inner rings of high-class sector weekend homes Poor in apartments, in city outskirts (suburbs = high crime, drugs, violence) high density to avoid sprawl most of the newer housing built in the suburbs is high-rise apartment buildings for low-income people and recent immigrants, unlike the U.S.

Cont’d… Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval High density and compact form - wall around city or low-growth zoning Low skylines - many built before elevators, others required cathedral or monument to be highest structure Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work Neighbourhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do. Scars of War - many wars , many cities originally defensive Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles Municipal Socialism - many residents live in buildings that are owned by city gov’t. Some of these are massive housing projects, others small scale apartment buildings.

LDCs Poor in suburbs, rich live near city center European colonial policies have left mark on city development Squatter Settlements (Shanty Towns/Favelas etc.) develop b/c inability to house people in fast growing in cities Usually the first settle near the bottom of the hills and as time goes by the hill fills upward few services 33% in Sao Paulo, 85% in Addis Ababa

cities struggle to provide jobs and housing services overtaxed Urbanization in LDCs: driven by changes in economy cities struggle to provide jobs and housing services overtaxed squatter settlements common crime on the rise Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Rio de Janeiro Rich Poor

Problems caused by growth of Shanty towns No services i.e.. Doctors, water, toilets, electric. Disease can spread quickly. Crime. No education. Fire hazards. Rubbish/pollution. Houses situated on unsafe land. Low standard of living.

Education in Favelas In Rio, schooling is divided by address of residency. Because of this, faveladors are not allowed to attend these schools. If a parent has a connection or job with one of the wealthy residents, they can claim that as their home address and allow their children to attend that school.