Rise of the New Monarchs 1.6

Introduction – 1460-1520 Consolidated power, created foundation for Europe’s first nation-states in France, England, and Spain Never achieved total power in the government Characteristics Reduced the power of the nobility through Taxation Taking lands Creation of standing armies Reduced political power of the clergy Created more efficient bureaucracies Increased political power of the bourgeoisie (middle class)

France Rise of the Valois family Louis XI “Spider King” (1461-1483) Created large standing army Increased taxes Builds and maintains roads

France Francis I (1515-1547) Concordat of Bologna King of France has power to appoint bishops to Gallican Church Big blow to Papal prestige in France Taille – a direct head tax to increase national treasury

England War of the Roses (1455-1477) Henry VII (1489-1509) Civil war between York and Lancaster families Yorkists win and build up English wealth Henry VII (1489-1509) Member of the Tudor family Reduced power of the nobility through the Star Chamber Nobles cannot have private armies

Spain Ferdinand and Isabella (1478-1516) Unite the Spanish kingdoms of Aragon and Castille Reconquista (1492) Goal was to remove the Moors and Jews and Christianize the country of Spain Loss of Jews and Moors resulted in a significant decline of the Spanish middle class

Holy Roman Empire NOT Holy, NOT Roman, NOT an Empire Consisted of about 300 semi-autonomous states in Germany Each state had its own foreign policy and wars NOT a “new monarchy” Emperor didn’t have centralized control over the states, couldn’t levy taxes/raise armies

Charles V Hapsburg family – Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain Led armies which sacked Rome in 1527 Sought to prevent spread of Reformation in Germany and invasion of Muslims from SE Europe