Geographic Toolbox Types of Geography ***Geo Connections WS Physical Geography: regards the natural environment, such as… Human Geography: regards the environment as it pertains to human uses such as… ***Geo Connections WS

Types of Projections ALL map projects are distorted views of the earth’s surface!!! *A globe is the only accurate method to represent the earth because it is a sphere just like the earth The Mercator Projection is one particular map which is very distorted To make a flat map from a round globe, cartographers ‘unwrapped’ the globe and stretched the northern (and southern) regions to make them flat All lines of latitude and longitude are seen as straight lines Created by the British as accurate naval navigation charts

Types of Projections Mercator cont. The problem is that any northern nation then looks stretched and larger than it really is i.e. Canada, Greenland, Europe look BIG, while Africa, South America and other equatorial regions look smaller

Types of Projections The Winkel Tripel (1998) projection attempts to correct the distortions seen on maps Curved lines of latitude and longitude show less distortion in the size of the northern regions Gives us a less ethnocentric view of the world ***Workbook examples

An odd map???

Map Projections Large Scale maps Show a great amount of detail about a small area Used for residential planning, hiking maps… Examine Figure 5 (page 6)

Map Projections Small Scale maps Show a small amount of detail of a large area Used for political maps, physical maps, world maps… Examine figure 3.11 (page 60) Examine figure 11.9 (page 195)

Map Projections Small Scale examples…

Types of Maps General Purpose Maps Provide many different types of information on one map i.e. roads, hospitals, rivers, cities, forests… Examine figure 11 (page 11) Thematic Maps Provide information on one specific characteristic or topic I.e. elevation, vegetation, population density… Examine figure 16 (page 18), Figure 3.10 (page 59 ***Types of Maps WS

General Purpose Map Ottawa Road map

Thematic Map: Poverty Rates

Compass Points and Bearings Compass points are used to show general direction North is always identified on any map created Cardinal Points: N, E, S, W Ordinal Points: NNE, NE, ENE, ESE, SE…

Compass Points and Bearings Bearing Points are given in exact degrees measuring angles ***Compass Points WS

Types of Mapping Symbols Point Symbols Show a specific item or location on a map I.e. city, hospital, museum…

Types of Mapping Symbols Linear Symbols Show items on maps that connect and travel long distances Usually variations of lines are used to show the location of longitudinal items I.e. roads, highways, rail ways, rivers…

Types of Mapping Symbols Region Symbols Show items or locations that make up self enclosed areas on a map Usually take up large areas of a map, so regions are outlined or shaded to identify them I.e. provincial parks, provinces, lakes, marshes… ***Map Symbols WS

Grid Systems Alphanumeric Grids ‘Uses letters and numbers to identify squares in a grid pattern’ letters and numbers always refer to either a row or column of squares i.e. A12, K5, Q18… Examine figure 11 (page 11) ***Alpha Numeric WS

Grid Systems Military Grids Use 6 digit numbers to identify specific locations on map grids Numbers are used as ‘Eastings’ and ‘Northings’ to locate items on a map Numbers refer to the grid lines that appear on the map Always read towards the east first, then up towards the north Each grid number is also broken down into tenths I.e. 834095 ***Military Grid WS

Latitude and Longitude No matter where you are on the face of the earth, your location can be identified by your latitude and longitude coordinate (address) Read the vertical axis N or S (latitude) first, then horizontal axis E or W (longitude) second

Latitude and Longitude Latitude lines: measure how far north or south a place is The equator is the starting point for all lines of latitude All latitude lines run east-west around the globe Ottawa is located 45 degrees north of the equator

Latitude and Longitude Longitude lines: measure how far east or west a place is The Prime Meridian is the starting point for all the lines of longitude All longitude lines run north-south around the globe until they meet on the reverse side at 180 degrees Ottawa is located 75 degrees west of the prime meridian Examine figure 14 (page 16) ***Lat. Long WS

S c a l e s

Distance Scales Direct Statement Scale Use words to describe the relationship between a distance on a map and a distance on the earth’s surface I.e. ‘1cm to 10 km’ means every 1 cm you measure on the map is 10 km in real life Examine figure 10 (page 10)

Distance Scales Line Scale Uses a bar or a line to show/ describe scale Easiest to use – don’t even need a ruler! Examine figure 11 (page 11)

Distance Scales Representative Fraction Scale Uses numbers in a ratio to explain scale 1: 50 000 means 1cm on the map = 50 000 cm on the ground 1 : 100,000 the magic #!!! 100,000cm in a km Good because… they can be used by anyone in the world, using any unit of measure!!! 1 : 1000 = small scale VS. 1 : 5,000,000 = large scale ***Scale WS